Plant Flow Measurement and Control Handbook 1st Edition by Swapan Basu 0128124383 9780128124383

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ISBN-10 :  0128124383 

ISBN-13 :  9780128124383

Author: Swapan Basu 

Plant Flow Measurement and Control Handbook is a comprehensive reference source for practicing engineers in the field of instrumentation and controls. It covers many practical topics, such as installation, maintenance and potential issues, giving an overview of available techniques, along with recommendations for application. In addition, it covers available flow sensors, such as automation and control. The author brings his 35 years of experience in working in instrumentation and control within the industry to this title with a focus on fluid flow measurement, its importance in plant design and the appropriate control of processes.

Plant Flow Measurement and Control Handbook 1st Table of contents:

I – FLOW METERING: GENERAL DISCUSSIONS (AN OVERVIEW)
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION
1.0.1 DISCUSSIONS COVERED IN THIS BOOK
1.0.2 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
1.1.0 Flow Measurement Basics
1.1.1 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ASSOCIATED TERMS FOR FLOW METERS
1.1.2 PHYSICS ON FLUID PROPERTIES
1.2.0 General Relevant Terms and Discussions
1.2.1 IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO INSTRUMENTATION
1.2.2 TERMS RELATED TO THE PROCESS
2.0.0 BASIC FLUID MECHANICS
2.1.0 Bernoulli’s Equation for Pipe Flow Measurement
2.1.1 CONTINUITY EQUATION
2.1.2 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FOR FLOW CALCULATIONS
2.1.3 FLOW EQUATION IN TERMS OF PIPE GEOMETRY
2.1.4 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
2.1.5 FLOW COEFFICIENT
2.1.6 RELATED DISCUSSION TERMS
2.1.7 EXPANSIBILITY FACTOR
2.1.8 MEASUREMENT AND FLOW COMPUTATION
2.1.9 PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION FOR FLOW
3.0.0 FLOW MEASUREMENT TYPES AND PRINCIPLES
3.1.0 Fluid Flow Measurement Types and Principles
3.1.1 INFERENTIAL FLOW METER TYPES AND PRINCIPLES
3.1.2 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT FLOW METER TYPES AND PRINCIPLES
3.1.3 VELOCITY AND FORCE FLOW METER TYPES AND PRINCIPLES
3.1.4 MASS FLOW METER TYPES AND PRINCIPLES
3.1.5 FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT IN AN OPEN CHANNEL
3.2.0 Solid Flow Measurement Types and Principles
3.2.1 SOLID FLOW METERS BASED ON FORCE AND DEFLECTION PRINCIPLES
3.2.2 SOLID FLOW METERS BASED ON LOAD SPEED/TIME PRINCIPLES
3.2.3 NONCONTACT TYPE SOLID FLOW MEASUREMENT
3.3.0 Slurry Flow Measurement Types and Principles
3.3.1 MAJOR CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF SLURRY FLOW AND ITS EFFECTS
3.3.2 FLOW METER TYPES FOR SLURRY FLOW
3.4.0 Multiphase Flow Measurement Types and Principles
3.4.1 APPROACHES FOR MULTIPHASE FLOW METERING
3.4.2 TYPES OF METERING PHILOSOPHIES
3.4.3 MFM TECHNOLOGIES
4.0.0 SELECTION OF FLOW METERS
4.1.0 General Discussions on the Flow Meter Selection Process (Closed Pipe)
4.2.0 Specific Discussions on the Flow Meter Selection Process (Closed Pipe)
4.2.1 PROCESS ISSUES FOR FLOW METER SELECTION
4.2.2 SELECTION PROCESS RELATED TO THE FLOW METER
4.3.0 Open System Flow Meter Selection
4.4.0 Cost and Approval Considerations for Flow Meter Selection
4.5.0 Flow Meter Selection Matrix
5.0.0 DISCUSSIONS ON PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS AND ALLIED ISSUES
6.0.0 PRINCIPLES AND GOOD PRACTICES OF INSTALLATION AND CALIBRATION
6.1.0 Principles and Good Practices for Installations
6.2.0 Principles and Good Practices for Calibrations
6.2.1 FLOW METER CALIBRATION ISSUES
7.0.0 CRITICAL OR SONIC NOZZLE
7.1.0 Features and Advantages of Sonic Flow Nozzles
7.2.0 Applications of Sonic Flow Nozzles
7.3.0 Functional Details of Sonic Flow Nozzles
8.0.0 MISCELLANEOUS FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
8.1.0 Aerofoil in Air/Gas Flow Measurement
8.1.1 AEROFOIL WORKING PRINCIPLES
8.1.2 AEROFOIL FEATURES
8.2.0 British Thermal Unit Measurement
8.2.1 BRITISH THERMAL UNIT METER WORKING METHODS
8.2.2 SENSORS USED IN BRITISH THERMAL UNIT MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
8.3.0 Cross-Correlation Flow Measurement
8.3.1 THEORY OF OPERATION
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
II – HEAD TYPE AND VARIABLE AREA FLOW METERING
1.0.0 HEAD TYPE FLOW MEASUREMENT: GENERAL DISCUSSION
1.1.0 Discussions on Requirements for Flow Elements Covered by ISO 5167 (Part 1):2003
1.1.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AS PER ISO 5167-PART 1
1.1.2 GENERAL DISCUSSIONS ON INSTALLATION (ISO 5167-1:2003)
1.1.3 FLOW CONDITIONS (ISO 5167-1:2003)
1.1.4 UNCERTAINTY (ISO 5167-1:2003)
1.1.5 ANNEXURES OF ISO 5167
1.2.0 Differential Pressure Range Selections
1.3.0 Flow Pulsation and Noise
1.4.0 Multiple Leakage Points in Installation
2.0.0 ORIFICE PLATE
2.1.0 Orifice Plate Description and Features
2.1.1 DESCRIPTION AND FEATURES
2.2.0 Tapping Point Installations and Mounting
2.2.1 TAPPING STYLES
2.2.2 TAPPING DIAMETER AND SOURCE POINT
2.2.3 ORIFICE PLATE MOUNTING
2.2.4 IMPULSE LINE INSTALLATION
2.2.6 PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS
2.3.0 Discussions on ISO 5167-2:2003 Standard
2.3.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION ISSUES (FIG. II/2.2.3-1)
2.3.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESSURE TAPPINGS
2.3.3 LIMIT OF USE FOR ORIFICE REYNOLDS NUMBER
2.3.4 UNCERTAINTIES
2.3.5 PRESSURE LOSS
2.3.6 STRAIGHT LENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATION
2.4.0 Calibration
2.4.1 LIQUID FLOW METER CALIBRATION: GENERAL DISCUSSION
2.4.2 GAS FLOW METER CALIBRATION: GENERAL DISCUSSION
2.4.3 ORIFICE PLATE CALIBRATION
2.5.0 Specification/Data Sheet
2.5.1 MEASURING ORIFICE PLATES
2.5.2 RESTRICTION ORIFICE ASSEMBLY
2.5.3 INTEGRAL ORIFICE ASSEMBLY
2.5.4 SENIOR ORIFICE ASSEMBLY
2.6.0 Orifice Plate Discussions
2.6.1 ORIFICE PLATE SIZING CALCULATIONS
3.0.0 FLOW NOZZLE
3.1.0 Description of the Construction Details and Features: Flow Nozzles
3.2.0 Tapping Mounting and Installation
3.2.1 TAPPING STYLES
3.2.2 TAPPING DIAMETER AND SOURCE POINT
3.2.3 FLOW NOZZLE MOUNTING
3.2.4 IMPULSE LINE INSTALLATION
3.2.5 STRAIGHT LENGTH REQUIREMENTS
3.2.6 PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS
3.3.0 Discussions on ISO 5167-3:2003 Standard
3.3.1 ISA NOZZLE: ISO 5167-3:2003
3.3.2 LONG RADIUS NOZZLE: ISO 5167-3:2003
3.3.3 VENTURI NOZZLE: ISO 5167-3:2003
3.4.0 Calibration
3.5.0 Specification/Data Sheet
3.6.0 Sonic Nozzle
3.6.1 SONIC FLOW PRINCIPLES
4.0.0 VENTURI TUBE
4.1.0 Construction Details and Features of Venturi Tubes
4.1.1 FEATURES OF VENTURI TUBES
4.2.0 Tapping Mounting and Installations
4.2.1 TAPPING DETAILS
4.2.2 VENTURI MOUNTING DETAILS
4.2.3 IMPULSE PIPE INSTALLATION FOR VENTURI
4.2.4 STRAIGHT LENGTH REQUIREMENTS
4.2.5 PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS
4.3.0 Discussions on ISO Standard on Venturi (ISO 5167-4:2003)
4.3.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION
4.3.2 MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING
4.3.3 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT CD AND UNCERTAINTY OF CD IN %
4.3.4 EXPANSION FACTOR ε
4.4.0 Calibration
4.5.0 Specification/Data Sheet for Venturi Tube
5.0.0 FLOW TUBE: LO-LOSS FLOW TUBE; DALL TUBE
5.1.0 Lo-Loss Flow Tube
5.1.1 FLOW ELEMENT DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS
5.1.2 SPECIFICATION/DATA SHEET
5.2.0 Dall Tube
5.2.1 DALL TUBE DESCRIPTION
5.2.2 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS OF DALL TUBES
5.2.3 SPECIFICATION/DATA SHEET
6.0.0 PITOT TUBE
6.0.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PITOT TUBES
6.0.2 FLOW CALCULATIONS
6.0.3 PITOT TUBE TYPES
6.0.4 PITOT CALIBRATION
6.1.0 Single-Point Pitot Tube
6.1.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
6.1.2 FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS
6.1.3 MOUNTING AND INSTALLATION
6.1.4 PITOT TUBE SPECIFICATIONS
6.2.0 Average Pitot Tube (Not Annubar)
6.2.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
6.2.2 FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS
6.2.3 MOUNTING AND INSTALLATION
6.2.4 SPECIFICATION OF AN AVERAGE PITOT
6.2.5 AIR AND FLUE GAS MEASUREMENT BY AN AVERAGE PITOT TUBE
6.3.0 Krell Bar
7.0.0 ANNUBAR: AN AVERAGE PITOT TUBE (HP LP TUBES)
7.1.0 Annubar (Average Pitot Tube) Description, Advantages, and Disadvantages
7.1.1 DESCRIPTION
7.1.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
7.2.0 Flow Element Calculation
7.3.0 Design Details
7.3.1 PROCESS CONDITIONS
7.3.2 TUBE/BLUFF BODY PROFILE
7.3.3 PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND COMPENSATION
7.3.4 PERMANENT PRESSURE LOSS
7.4.0 Annubar Mounting and Installation
7.4.1 ANNUBAR MOUNTING
7.4.2 ANNUBAR MOUNTING ORIENTATION
7.4.3 TRANSMITTER CONNECTION
7.4.4 STRAIGHT LENGTH REQUIREMENT
7.5.0 Annubar Specifications
7.5.1 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
7.5.2 SPECIFIC DATA
8.0.0 SPECIAL HEAD TYPE FLOW ELEMENTS
8.1.0 Venturi Cone (V-Cone) Head Type Flow Element
8.1.1 WORKING PRINCIPLES
8.1.2 SIZING AND FLOW EQUATION
8.1.3 FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS
8.1.4 DESIGN DETAILS
8.1.5 MOUNTING AND INSTALLATION
8.1.6 SPECIFICATION
8.1.7 SPECIFIC DATA
8.2.0 Elbow Tapping Flow Element
8.2.1 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ELBOW TAPPING FLOW ELEMENTS
9.0.0 VARIABLE AREA FLOW METERING
9.1.0 Rotameter
9.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF A ROTAMETER
9.1.2 ROTAMETER FLOW SIZING
9.1.3 ROTAMETER FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS
9.1.4 ROTAMETER TYPES
9.1.5 ROTAMETER DESIGN DETAILS
9.1.6 ROTAMETER SPECIFICATIONS
9.2.0 Other Variable Area Flow Meters
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
III – OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.0.0 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL DISCUSSION
1.0.1 APPROACHES FOR OPEN CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.0.2 BASICS OF OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.0.3 SELECTION FOR OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.0.4 PRIMARY DEVICE SELECTION AND INSTALLATION
1.1.0 Fluid Mechanics of Open Channels
1.1.1 CONTINUITY EQUATION FROM CONSERVATION OF MASS
1.1.2 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
1.1.3 MOMENTUM FORCE AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
1.1.4 ENERGY COEFFICIENT AND MOMENTUM COEFFICIENT
1.1.5 REYNOLDS NUMBER AND OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW CLASSIFICATION
1.1.6 FRICTION EQUATIONS AND ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT
1.1.7 SPECIFIC ENERGY
1.2.0 Properties of Open Channels
1.3.0 Submerged Flow and Submergence Transition
2.0.0 FLUME
2.1.0 Flume General Discussions
2.1.1 FLUME CLASSES
2.1.2 EXPLANATION OF FLUME GEOMETRY
2.1.3 PROS AND CONS OF FLUMES
2.1.4 SITE CONDITIONS AND ASSOCIATED TECHNICAL ISSUES
2.1.5 SUBMERGENCE AND MODULAR FLOW
2.1.6 MEASUREMENTS FOR FLOW COMPUTATION
2.1.7 HEAD SENSING TECHNOLOGY
2.2.0 Venturi Flume
2.2.1 DIFFERENT VENTURI FLUMES
2.3.0 Parshall Flume
2.3.1 DESIGN AND DISCHARGE EQUATION
2.3.2 PARSHALL FLUME INSTALLATION DISCUSSIONS
2.4.0 H Flume
2.5.0 Cutthroat Flume
2.6.0 Palmer-Bowlus
3.0.0 WEIRS
3.1.0 Weir General Discussion
3.1.1 WEIR CALCULATION DETAILS
3.1.2 SUBMERGED FLOW IN A WEIR
3.1.3 OVERSHOT GATES (SUBMERGED FLOW)
3.1.4 SILTATION IN WEIRS
3.1.5 WEIR INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
3.1.6 WEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
3.1.7 HEAD MEASUREMENT
3.1.8 COMMON CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR WEIRS
3.2.0 V-Notch Weir Details
3.3.0 Rectangular Weirs
3.4.0 Trapezoidal or Cipoletti
3.5.0 Broad-Crested
3.5.1 FEATURES OF BROAD-CRESTED WEIRS
3.5.2 DESCRIPTION OF BROAD-CRESTED WEIRS
3.5.3 DESIGN BASIS FOR BROAD-CRESTED WEIRS
3.6.0 Sutro Weir
4.0.0 SECONDARY INSTRUMENTS FOR OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT
4.1.0 Sensor Details
4.1.1 SENSOR PRINCIPLES
4.1.2 STAFF GAGE
4.1.3 MECHANICAL LEVEL INSTRUMENT(S)
4.1.4 ONLINE PRESSURE SENSOR/TRANSDUCER
4.1.5 ULTRASONIC LEVEL SENSING SYSTEM
4.1.6 BUBBLER TYPE LEVEL MEASUREMENT
4.2.0 Pressure Transmitter
4.2.1 TRANSMITTER DESCRIPTION
4.2.2 SPECIFICATION
4.2.3 MOUNTING AND INSTALLATION
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
IV – POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD) TYPE FLOW METERING
1.0.0 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT METERS: GENERAL DISCUSSIONS
1.1.0 PD Meter Working Principles
1.2.0 Positive Displacement Meter Description
1.3.0 Advantages and Limitations of PD Meters
1.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF PD METERS
1.3.2 LIMITATIONS OF PD METERS
1.4.0 Factors Influencing PD Meter Performance
1.4.1 FACTORS INFLUENCING VOLUME DISPLACEMENT IN PD METERS
1.4.2 SLIPPAGE IN PD METERS
1.4.3 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR PD METERS
1.5.0 Applications and Selection of PD Meters
1.5.1 MAJOR APPLICATION AREAS FOR PD METERS
1.5.2 SELECTION GUIDELINES FOR PD METERS
1.6.0 Types of Positive Displacement Meters
1.7.0 General Practical Issues With PD Meters
1.7.1 CALIBRATION ISSUES FOR PD METERS
1.7.2 INSTALLATION ISSUES FOR PD METERS
1.7.3 PRESSURE DROP
1.7.4 SOME IMPORTANT PD METER ISSUES
1.8.0 Positive Displacement Meter in Gas Applications
1.9.0 Custody Transfer Applications
2.0.0 NUTATING DISCS
2.1.0 Descriptive Details of Nutating Discs
2.1.1 MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES OF NUTATING DISCS
2.1.2 DESCRIPTION AND PARTS OF NUTATING DISCS
2.1.3 SIZING AND SELECTION OF NUTATING DISCS
2.1.4 PRESSURE DROP
2.2.0 Features and Benefits of Nutating Discs
2.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF NUTATING DISCS
2.2.2 MAJOR LIMITATION
2.3.0 Specification of Nutating Discs
2.4.0 Installation Details
2.4.1 FLOW METER IN GRAVITY PRESSURE INSTALLATION
2.4.2 FLOW METER IN PUMP DISCHARGE INSTALLATIONS
2.4.3 FLOW METER IN UTILITY APPLICATIONS
3.0.0 OVAL GEAR
3.1.0 Description of a Oval Gear Meter
3.1.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
3.1.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS FOR OVAL GEAR METERS
3.1.3 PRESSURE LOSS
3.2.0 Features and Benefits of Oval Gear Meters
3.2.1 MAJOR FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES
3.2.2 SOME LIMITATIONS OF OVAL GEAR METERS
3.3.0 General Design Details
3.3.1 ELECTRICAL SECTION
3.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
3.4.0 Meter Size, Selection, and Performance
3.4.1 METER SIZE AND RANGE SELECTION
3.4.2 METER PERFORMANCE AND K FACTOR
3.5.0 Specification of Oval Gear Meters
3.6.0 Installation of Oval Gear Meters
3.6.1 METER ORIENTATION
3.6.2 PIPING CONFIGURATION
4.0.0 ROTATING PISTON METERS
4.1.0 Rotating Piston Flow Meter Description
4.1.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
4.1.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF ROTATING PISTON METERS
4.1.3 PRESSURE LOSS IN THE METER
4.2.0 Features and Applications of Oscillating Piston Meters
4.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF OSCILLATING PISTON METERS
4.2.2 LIMITATIONS OF OSCILLATING PISTON METERS
4.2.3 APPLICATIONS FOR OSCILLATING PISTON METERS
4.3.0 General Design Details
4.3.1 PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL DESIGN DETAILS
4.3.2 ELECTRICAL DESIGN DETAILS
4.3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
4.4.0 Meter Size, Selection, and Performance
4.4.1 METER SIZES FOR SELECTION
4.4.2 OVERALL PERFORMANCE
4.5.0 Specification of Oscillating/Rotating Piston PD Meters
4.6.0 Installation Details
4.6.1 PREINSTALLATION ISSUE
4.6.2 ACCESSORIES INSTALLATION ISSUES
4.6.3 INSTALLATION ISSUES
5.0.0 ROTATING VANE METERS
5.1.0 Rotating Vane Flow Meter Description
5.1.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
5.1.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF ROTATING VANE PD METERS
5.1.3 PRESSURE LOSS IN THE METER
5.2.0 Features and Applications of Rotating Vane PD Meters
5.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF ROTATING VANE PD METERS
5.2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF ROTATING VANE PD METERS
5.2.3 APPLICATIONS OF ROTARY VANE PD FLOW METERS
5.3.0 General Design Details
5.3.1 PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL DESIGN DETAILS
5.3.2 ELECTRICAL DESIGN DETAILS
5.3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
5.4.0 Meter Size, Selection, and Performance
5.4.1 METER SIZES FOR SELECTION
5.4.2 OVERALL PERFORMANCE
5.5.0 Specification of Rotating Vane PD Meters
5.6.0 Installation Details
6.0.0 RECIPROCATING PISTON PD METERS
6.1.0 Reciprocating Piston PD Meter Description
6.1.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
6.1.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF ROTATING VANE PD METERS
6.1.3 PRESSURE LOSS IN THE METER
6.2.0 Features and Applications of Reciprocating Piston PD Meters
6.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF RECIPROCATING PISTON PD METERS
6.2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF RECIPROCATING PISTON PD METERS
6.2.3 APPLICATIONS OF RECIPROCATING PISTON PD FLOW METERS
6.3.0 General Design Details
6.3.1 PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL DESIGN DETAILS
6.3.2 ELECTRICAL DESIGN DETAILS
6.3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
6.4.0 Meter Performance
6.5.0 Specification of Reciprocating Piston PD Meters
6.6.0 Installation Details
7.0.0 MISCELLANEOUS POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT FLOW METER TYPES
7.1.0 Lobed Impeller PD Meter
7.1.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF LOBED IMPELLER PD METERS
7.1.2 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND AVAILABLE SIZES OF LOBED IMPELLER PD METERS
7.1.3 PRESSURE LOSS PERFORMANCE AND USAGE
7.1.4 MAJOR ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
7.2.0 Helical Gear PD Meters
7.2.1 OPERATIONAL DETAILS
7.2.2 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND AVAILABLE SIZES OF HELICAL GEAR PD METERS
7.2.3 PERFORMANCE
7.3.0 Gear PD Meter
7.3.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF GEAR PD METERS
7.3.2 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND AVAILABLE SIZES OF GEAR PD METERS
7.3.3 BRIEF SPECIFICATION
7.4.0 Rotary PD Meters
7.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF ROTARY PD METER
7.4.2 BRIEF SPECIFICATION OF ROTARY METERS
8.0.0 PD METER ACCESSORIES
8.1.0 Strainer/Filter
8.1.1 STRAINER/FILTER SPECIFICATION
8.2.0 Air/Vapor Eliminator
8.3.0 Shutoff Valve
8.4.0 Temperature Compensator
8.5.0 Analog/Pulse/Smart Transmitter
8.5.1 PULSE TRANSMITTER
8.5.2 ANALOG/SMART TRANSMITTER
8.6.0 Local and Remote Register
8.6.1 LOCAL REGISTER (MECHANICAL)
8.6.2 REMOTE REGISTER (ELECTRONIC/DIGITAL)
9.0.0 FLOW SENSING
9.1.0 Hall Effect Sensing
9.2.0 Hall Effect Flow Sensors
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
V – VELOCITY AND FORCE TYPE FLOW METER
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1.0 Velocity-Sensing Flow Meter: Introduction
1.2.0 Turbine, Paddle Wheel, and Other Inferential Flow Meters
1.3.0 Oscillating Type Flow Meters
1.4.0 Fluidic Flow Meters
1.5.0 Electrical Flow Meters
1.6.0 Force Type Flow Meters
2.0.0 TURBINE, PADDLE WHEEL, AND OTHER INFERENTIAL FLOW METERS
2.1.0 Descriptive Details of Turbine Flow Meters (TFMs)
2.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF TFMS
2.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF A TURBINE METER
2.1.3 PICKUP TYPES
2.1.4 K FACTOR AND OTHER METER PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
2.1.5 OPERATING PROCESS CONDITIONS
2.1.6 BRIEF TECHNICAL DETAILS FOR GAS TURBINE FLOW METER
2.2.0 Features and Applications of Turbine Flow Meters
2.2.1 FEATURES OF TURBINE FLOW METERS
2.2.2 APPLICATION OF TFMS
2.3.0 Design Aspects of Turbine Flow Meters
2.3.1 METER HOUSING
2.3.2 ROTOR ASSEMBLY AND SOME OTHER METER INTERNALS
2.3.3 TURBINE FLOW METER BEARINGS
2.3.4 ELECTRONIC UNIT
2.3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
2.4.0 Material Selection, Sizing, and Flow Range
2.4.1 MATERIAL SELECTION
2.4.2 METER SIZING AND FLOW RANGE
2.5.0 Flow Profile Straight Length Requirements and Pressure Loss Estimation
2.5.1 FLOW PROFILE DISTORTION
2.5.2 STRAIGHT LENGTH REQUIREMENT AND FLOW CONDITIONERS
2.5.3 PRESSURE DROP ESTIMATION
2.6.0 Specification of Turbine Flow Meter
2.7.0 Installation and Calibration
2.7.1 INSTALLATION DISCUSSIONS
2.7.2 CALIBRATION DISCUSSIONS
2.8.0 Other Turbine Type Flow Meters
2.8.1 INSERTION TYPE TURBINE FLOW METER
2.8.2 GAS TURBINE FLOW METER
2.8.3 DOUBLE-ROTOR TURBINE FLOW METER
2.9.0 Other Inferential Flow Meters
2.9.1 PADDLE WHEEL FLOW METER
2.9.2 WOLTMAN FLOW METER
3.0.0 VORTEX AND SWIRL TYPE FLOW METERS
3.0.1 VORTEX FLOW MEASUREMENT THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3.0.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR VORTEX FLOW MEASUREMENT
3.0.3 CONCEPT OF SENSING
3.0.4 SWIRL/VORTEX PRECISION METER
3.0.5 SWIRL METER AND VORTEX METER
3.1.0 Descriptive Details of Vortex/Swirl Flow Meter
3.1.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
3.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF VORTEX METER
3.1.3 BLUFF BODY AND SENSOR DESCRIPTION
3.1.4 METER K FACTOR AND PERFORMANCE
3.1.5 OPERATING PROCESS CONDITIONS
3.1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND PROTECTIONS
3.2.0 Features and Applications of Vortex/Swirl Meters
3.2.1 VORTEX/SWIRL METER FEATURES
3.2.2 APPLICATION AREA
3.3.0 Design Aspects of Vortex and Swirl Flow Meters
3.3.1 SENSOR AND CONVERTER DESIGN
3.3.2 BLUFF BODY DESIGN
3.3.3 FLOW RANGE AND SIZING
3.3.4 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
3.3.5 METER MOUNTING STYLE
3.4.0 Specification for Vortex and Swirl Meters
3.5.0 Mounting and Installation of Meters
3.5.1 MOUNTING OF VORTEX/SWIRL METERS
3.5.2 METER INSTALLATION DISCUSSIONS
3.6.0 Insertion Type Vortex Meter
3.6.1 FEATURES OF INSERTION TYPE VORTEX METER
3.6.2 APPLICATION
3.6.3 SPECIFICATION
3.7.0 Discussions
3.8.0 Vortex Mass Flow Measurement (Multivariable Version)
4.0.0 FLUIDIC TYPE FLOW METERS
4.1.0 Basic Theory of Measurement
4.2.0 Meter Categories, Feature, Applications and Performance
4.2.1 METER CATEGORIES, FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS
4.2.2 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDIC METERS
4.3.0 Coanda Effect Flow Meter
4.3.1 RANGE LIMITS AND ACCURACY
4.3.2 OPERATING CONDITIONS
4.3.3 PERFORMANCE DATA
4.3.4 OTHER RELEVANT DATA
4.4.0 Momentum Exchange Meter
4.4.1 RANGE LIMITS AND ACCURACY
4.4.2 OPERATING CONDITIONS
4.4.3 PERFORMANCE DATA
4.4.4 OTHER RELEVANT DATA
5.0.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METERS (EMFMS)
5.0.1 BASIC THEORY OF MEASUREMENT
5.0.2 PARAMETERS AND CONSTRAINTS
5.0.3 INDUCED VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
5.0.4 MAGNETIC FIELD CHARACTERISTICS
5.0.5 MAGNETIC FIELD EXCITATION SYSTEM
5.0.6 NOISE ISSUES
5.1.0 Descriptive Details of Electromagnetic Flow Meters
5.1.1 DISCUSSIONS ON PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
5.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF A FLOW METER
5.1.3 OPERATING, ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS, AND PROTECTION FOR FLOW METERS
5.1.4 METER K FACTOR AND PERFORMANCE DATA
5.1.5 EMPTY PIPE DETECTION
5.2.0 Features and Applications of Electromagnetic Flow Meters
5.2.1 FEATURES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METERS
5.2.2 APPLICATION AREAS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METERS
5.3.0 Part Details and Design Aspects of Electromagnetic Flow Meters
5.3.1 ELECTRODES AND ASSOCIATED DESIGN ISSUES
5.3.2 MAGNETIC FIELD AND FIELD EXCITATIONS DISCUSSIONS
5.3.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER GROUNDING
5.3.4 NOISE AND ELECTRONIC DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS
5.3.5 SECONDARY DEVICE (TRANSMITTER)
5.3.6 FLOW RANGES, METER SIZING, AND SELECTION
5.3.7 MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE
5.4.0 Specifications of Electromagnetic Flow Meters
5.5.0 Installation Discussions
5.6.0 General Start Up Procedure and Operation
5.7.0 Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meters
6.0.0 ULTRASONIC FLOW METERS (USFMS)
6.0.1 BASIC THEORY OF OPERATION OF DOPPLER TYPE USFMS
6.0.2 BASIC THEORY OF OPERATION FOR TRANSIT TIME TYPE USFMS
6.1.0 Descriptive Details of Ultrasonic Flow Meters
6.1.1 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF DOPPLER USFMS
6.1.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS ON TRANSIT TIME USFMS
6.1.3 DESCRIPTION OF OTHER TYPES OF USFM
6.1.4 TRANSDUCERS
6.1.5 SECONDARY ELECTRONICS FOR USFMS
6.2.0 Meter Performance and Associated Factors
6.2.1 REYNOLDS NUMBER AND FLOW PROFILE EFFECT
6.2.2 INSTALLATION EFFECTS
6.2.3 ENTRAPPED GASES OR SOLIDS
6.3.0 Features and Applications of USFMs
6.3.1 FEATURES OF USFMS
6.3.2 APPLICATION AREA OF USFMS
6.4.0 Specification of USFMs
6.4.1 SPECIFICATION OF DOPPLER TYPE USFMS
6.4.2 SPECIFICATION OF TRANSIT TIME TYPE USFMS
6.5.0 Inline USFM
6.5.1 FEATURES OF INLINE USFMS
6.5.2 COMPONENTS OF INLINE USFMS
6.5.3 BASIS OF CALCULATION OF VOLUME BY THE METER
6.5.4 MINIMUM BACK PRESSURE FOR INLINE USFM IN LIQUID APPLICATIONS
6.5.5 FLOW VELOCITY AND RANGEABILITY
6.6.0 USFM Installation Discussions
6.7.0 Discussion on Meter Selection Process (Within the Same Meter Category)
6.7.1 OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR THE FLOW METER CATEGORY
6.7.2 REQUIREMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS
6.7.3 SELECTION DISCUSSIONS
6.8.0 Short Discussions on Calibration
6.9.0 Concluding Discussions and Recent Developments
7.0.0 ANEMOMETERS
7.1.0 Mechanical Anemometers
7.1.1 CUP TYPE MECHANICAL ANEMOMETER
7.1.2 VANE TYPE MECHANICAL ANEMOMETER
7.1.3 IMPELLER TYPE MECHANICAL ANEMOMETERS
7.2.0 Thermal Anemometer-Hot Wire Anemometry
7.2.1 FEATURES OF THERMAL HOTWIRE ANEMOMETERS (HWA)
7.2.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS: HOTWIRE ANEMOMETERS (HWA)
7.2.3 SPECIFICATION OF HOT WIRE ANEMOMETERS
7.3.0 Doppler Effect Anemometer (Anemometry)
7.3.1 LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY: GENERAL DISCUSSIONS
7.3.2 LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY PRINCIPLES
7.3.3 LASER DOPPLER FEATURES
7.3.4 SPECIFICATION FOR LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETERS
8.0.0 TARGET FLOW METERS
8.1.0 Operating Principle
8.1.1 TARGET METER WITH FORCE MEASUREMENT
8.1.2 TARGET METER WITH DEFLECTION
8.2.0 Features and Applications of Target Flow Meters
8.2.1 FEATURES OF TARGET FLOW METERS
8.2.2 APPLICATION AREAS OF TARGET FLOW METERS
8.3.0 Target Variable Area (TVA) Flow Meter (Courtesy: Spirax Sarco)
8.3.1 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF THE TARGET VARIABLE AREA FLOW METER
8.3.2 FEATURES OF TARGET VARIABLE AREA FLOW METERS
8.4.0 Specification Details
8.4.1 SPECIFICATION FOR TARGET FLOW METERS
8.4.2 SPECIFICATION FOR TARGET VARIABLE AREA FLOW METERS [45,46]9.0.0 SONAR FLOW METER
9.1.0 Basic Measurement Principle
9.1.1 VOLUMETRIC FLOW
9.1.2 FLUID COMPOSITIONAL DETAILS
9.2.0 Features and Application Areas
9.2.1 FEATURES
9.2.2 APPLICATION AREAS
9.3.0 System Specification [49]LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
VI – MASS FLOW METER
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL DISCUSSIONS
2.0.0 CORIOLIS MASS FLOW MEASUREMENT
2.1.0 Coriolis Mass Flow Meter Theoretical Background
2.1.1 CORIOLIS FORCE CONCEPTUAL IDEA
2.1.2 THEORY OF OPERATION OF CORIOLIS FLOW MASS FLOW METER
2.1.3 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF CORIOLIS METER AND DESIGN ISSUES
2.1.4 CORIOLIS METER CHARACTERISTICS
2.1.5 OPERATING AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
2.1.6 SIZE AND FLOW RANGE
2.1.7 PRESSURE LOSS
2.1.8 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND PROCESS CONNECTIONS
2.1.9 PERFORMANCE DATA
2.2.0 Features and Application Areas for Coriolis Mass Flow Meters
2.2.1 FEATURES OF CORIOLIS METERS
2.2.2 APPLICATION AREAS FOR CORIOLIS METERS
2.3.0 Influencing Factors Affecting Selection and Operation of Coriolis Meters
2.3.1 PRESSURE EFFECT
2.3.2 TEMPERATURE EFFECT
2.3.3 RATE OF CHANGE OF FLOW
2.3.4 OVER-RANGE APPLICATIONS
2.3.5 FOREIGN MATERIALS AND MEDIUM QUALITY
2.3.6 VIBRATION AND PULSATION
2.3.7 OTHER CONDITIONS
2.4.0 Specification of Coriolis Meter
2.5.0 Coriolis Mass Flow Meters Installation Discussions
2.5.1 ORIENTATION AND MOUNTING
2.5.2 GENERAL INSTALLATION DISCUSSIONS
2.6.0 Coriolis Mass Flow Meters Concluding Discussions
2.6.1 ZERO CHECKING AND CALIBRATION
2.6.2 MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES
3.0.0 IMPELLER TURBINE MASS FLOW MEASUREMENT
4.0.0 THERMAL MASS FLOW MEASUREMENT
4.0.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF HEAT TRANSFER MASS FLOW METERS
4.0.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THERMAL DISPERSION MASS FLOW METERS
4.1.0 Capillary (Bypass Heat Transfer) Thermal Mass Flow Meters
4.1.1 FORMULA DERIVATION FOR CAPILLARY THERMAL MASS FLOW METERS
4.1.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF CAPILLARY THERMAL MASS FLOW METERS (TMFM)
4.1.3 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND PERFORMANCES OF THERMAL MASS FLOW METERS
4.1.4 DIGITAL THERMAL MASS FLOW METERS
4.1.5 GAS CONVERSION AND ALLOWED GASES
4.1.6 SPECIFICATION OF THERMAL MASS FLOW METERS
4.1.7 PRESSURE DROP ACROSS METERS
4.2.0 Thermal Dispersion Type Mass Flow Meters
4.2.1 FORMULA DERIVATION FOR THERMAL DISPERSION MASS FLOW METERS
4.2.2 THERMAL DISPERSION MASS FLOW METER CHARACTERISTICS ISSUES
4.2.3 DESCRIPTION OF THERMAL DISPERSION MASS FLOW METERS
4.2.4 THERMAL DISPERSION MASS FLOW METER DESIGN ISSUES
4.2.5 SPECIFICATION OF THERMAL DISPERSION MASS FLOW METERS
4.2.6 PRESSURE LOSS FOR THERMAL DISPERSION MASS FLOW METERS
4.2.7 BRIEF GUIDELINES FOR THERMAL DISPERSION MASS FLOW METER SELECTION
4.2.8 INSTALLATION AND ADJUSTMENTS FOR THERMAL DISPERSION MASS FLOW METERS
4.2.9 CALIBRATION OF FLOW METERS
4.3.0 General Discussions on Thermal Mass Flow Meters
4.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL MASS FLOW METERS
4.3.2 LIMITATIONS OF THERMAL MASS FLOW
4.3.3 MAJOR APPLICATION AREAS
4.3.4 DIGITAL METER CONFIGURATION
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
VII – COMPLEX AND SLURRY FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION TO RHEOLOGY AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
1.0.1 FLUID CLASSIFICATION BY RHEOLOGY
1.0.2 DISCUSSIONS ON FUNDAMENTAL TERMS IN RHEOLOGY
1.1.0 Rheology and Viscosity
1.1.1 VISCOSITY CONCEPTUAL DETAILS AND INFLUENCING FACTORS
1.1.2 NON-NEWTONIAN TIME-INDEPENDENT VISCOSITY
1.1.3 NON-NEWTONIAN TIME-DEPENDENT VISCOSITY
1.2.0 Viscoelasticity and Special Flow Styles
1.2.1 VISCOELASTICITY
1.2.2 SPECIAL FLOW STYLES
2.0.0 DISCUSSION ON SLURRY FLOW
2.1.0 Basics of Slurry Flow
2.1.1 TERMS FREQUENTLY USED FOR SLURRY FLOW MEASUREMENT
2.1.2 OBJECTIVE AND CLASSIFICATION OF SLURRY FLOW
2.2.0 Solid-Liquid Flow Regime
2.2.1 HOMOGENEOUS FLOW
2.2.2 HETEROGENEOUS FLOW
2.2.3 INTERMEDIATE FLOW REGIME
2.2.4 FLOW WITH MOVING BED
2.2.5 FLOW WITH STATIONARY BED
2.3.0 Pipe Flow of Slurries
2.3.1 SLURRY FLOW IN A HORIZONTAL PIPE
2.3.2 SLURRY FLOW IN A VERTICAL PIPE
2.3.3 SLURRY FLOW IN AN INCLINED PIPE
3.0.0 INSTRUMENTATION IN SLURRY FLOW MEASUREMENTS
3.0.1 METER TYPES
3.0.2 METER SELECTION GUIDE FOR COMPLEX AND SLURRY FLOWS
3.1.0 Flow Meter Applications in Complex and Slurry Flows
3.1.1 DP METHOD IN SLURRY FLOW
3.1.2 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT METER COMPLEX FLOW MEASUREMENT
3.1.3 TURBINE METER FOR COMPLEX AND SLURRY FLOW MEASUREMENT
3.1.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC METER FOR COMPLEX AND SLURRY FLOW MEASUREMENT
3.1.5 ULTRASONIC METER FOR COMPLEX AND SLURRY FLOW MEASUREMENT
3.1.6 MASS FLOW METERS FOR COMPLEX AND SLURRY FLOW MEASUREMENT
3.1.7 VORTEX METER FOR COMPLEX AND SLURRY FLOW MEASUREMENT
3.1.8 SLURRY FLOW MEASUREMENT AND ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE TOMOGRAPHY
3.2.0 Cross-Correlation Measurement in Slurry Flow
3.3.0 SONAR in Multiphase Slurry Flow Measurement
4.0.0 INSTRUMENTATION FOR SELECTED SLURRY AND COMPLEX FLOW APPLICATIONS
4.1.0 Ash and Limestone Slurry Flow Measurement in Coal-Fired Power Plants
4.1.1 ASH-HANDLING MODES AND FLOW BEHAVIOR
4.1.2 ASH SLURRY AND LIMESTONE FLOW METER
4.2.0 Cement Slurry Flow Measurement
4.3.0 Drilling Fluid/Mud
4.3.1 MUD FLUID CLASSIFICATION
4.3.2 PURPOSE OF DRILLING FLUID AND TYPES OF DRILLING
4.3.3 CORIOLIS METERS IN DRILLING OPERATIONS
4.3.4 PADDLE WHEEL METERS IN DRILLING OPERATIONS
4.4.0 Pulp and Paper Slurry Flow Measurement
4.4.1 PULP PROCESS OUTLINE
4.4.2 MEASUREMENT CHALLENGES
4.4.3 ULTRASONIC FLOW METERS IN PAPER PLANTS
4.4.4 EMFMS IN PAPER PLANTS
4.4.5 SONAR IN PAPER PLANTS
4.5.0 Metallurgical Slurry Flow Measurement-Alumina Plant and Red Mud
4.5.1 ALUMINA PLANT AND RED MUD
4.5.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER IN ALUMINA PLANT-RED MUD
4.5.3 WEDGE FLOW ELEMENT IN ALUMINA PLANT-RED MUD
4.6.0 Complex Fluids in Food and Beverages
5.0.0 WEDGE FLOW ELEMENT
5.1.0 Theory of Operation
5.1.1 OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES
5.1.2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION FOR WEDGE FLOW ELEMENTS
5.1.3 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
5.1.4 WEDGE (H/D) RATIO
5.2.0 Descriptive Details of Wedge Elements
5.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF WEDGE ELEMENTS
5.2.2 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND FLOW CAPACITY
5.2.3 PERFORMANCE DATA
5.2.4 OTHER RELEVANT DATA
5.3.0 Features and Applications of Wedge Elements
5.3.1 SPECIAL FEATURES OF WEDGE ELEMENTS
5.3.2 APPLICATION AREAS OF WEDGE ELEMENTS
5.4.0 Specification Details for Wedge Elements
5.5.0 Mounting and Installation Details for Wedge Elements
5.5.1 ELEMENT ORIENTATION AND ALIGNMENT
5.5.2 INSTRUMENT CONNECTION AND TRANSMITTER TYPES
5.5.3 STRAIGHT LENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR WEDGE ELEMENTS
5.5.4 MECHANICAL STEPS FOR INSTALLATION OF WEDGE ELEMENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
VIII – SOLID FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW OF SOLID FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.0.1 DISCRETE MASS DELIVERY WEIGHING SYSTEMS
1.0.2 DISCONTINUOUS TOTALIZING WEIGHING SYSTEMS
1.0.3 IN-MOTION WEIGHING SYSTEMS-DISCRETE MASS WEIGHING SYSTEM-WEIGHBRIDGES
1.0.4 WEIGHBRIDGE LOAD CELL
1.0.5 IN-MOTION WEIGHING SYSTEMS-CONTINUOUS SOLID FLOW SYSTEM
1.1.0 Discussions on Mechanical Equipment for Solid Flow
1.1.1 FEEDING ARRANGEMENT FOR SOLID FLOW
1.1.2 BELT CONVEYOR
1.1.3 ROTARY FEEDER
1.1.4 SCREW CONVEYOR/FEEDER
1.1.5 DRAG CONVEYOR AND APRON FEEDER
1.1.6 VIBRATING FEEDER AND TABLE FEEDER
1.1.7 BUCKET CONVEYOR
1.1.8 DIVERTER GATE VALVE, DOUBLE FLAP GATE, AND ROTARY AIRLOCK VALVE
1.1.9 MISCELLANEOUS MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES
1.2.0 Material Characteristics for Solid Flow
1.2.1 FORCES AND STRESSES IN BULK SOLIDS DURING FLOW
1.2.2 FLOWABILITY OF BULK SOLIDS
1.2.3 PROPERTIES FOR FLOWABILITY OF BULK SOLIDS
1.2.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING FLOWABILITY OF FINE BULK SOLIDS
1.3.0 Evaluations of Various Technologies for Solid Flow Metering
1.3.1 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS WEIGH FEEDER TYPES
1.3.2 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SOLID FLOW METERS
1.4.0 Solid Flow Measurement System Selection
1.4.1 INACCURACY IN MEASUREMENT AND CAUSES
1.4.2 DISCUSSIONS ON SOLID FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM CHOICES
1.4.3 FEEDING EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATION ISSUE
1.4.4 MATERIAL CHARACTERISTIC AND CONSTANT PARAMETER ASSUMPTION
1.4.5 MECHANICAL WEAR OUT
1.4.6 MATERIAL BUILD UP
2.0.0 MECHANICAL FLOW METERS
2.1.0 Centripetal Solid Flow Meter
2.1.1 THEORY OF OPERATION
2.1.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS
2.1.3 FEATURES AND APPLICATION DETAILS
2.1.4 SPECIFICATION OF CENTRIPETAL FLOW METERS
2.1.5 INSTALLATION
2.2.0 Coriolis Solid Flow Meter
2.2.1 THEORY OF OPERATION
2.2.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF CORIOLIS SOLID MASS FLOW METERS
2.2.3 FEATURES AND APPLICATION DETAILS
2.2.4 SPECIFICATION OF CORIOLIS SOLID MASS FLOW METER
2.3.0 Impact Scale Solid Flow Meter
2.3.1 THEORY OF OPERATION FOR IMPACT SCALE SOLID FLOW METERS
2.3.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF IMPACT FLOW METERS
2.3.3 FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS OF IMPACT FLOW METERS
2.3.4 SPECIFICATIONS OF IMPACT SCALE SOLID MASS FLOW METERS
2.3.5 INSTALLATION AND CALIBRATION DISCUSSIONS FOR IMPACT SCALES
3.0.0 GRAVIMETRIC FEEDER AND LOSS IN WEIGHT
3.1.0 Gravimetric Feeder
3.1.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION FOR GRAVIMETRIC FEEDERS
3.1.2 FEATURES OF GRAVIMETRIC FEEDER WITH DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS
3.1.3 APPLICATION AREAS OF GRAVIMETRIC FEEDERS
3.1.4 SPECIFICATIONS OF GRAVIMETRIC FEEDERS
3.2.0 Loss-in-Weight Measurement
3.2.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF LOSS IN WEIGHT
3.2.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS FOR LOSS-IN-WEIGHT MEASUREMENT
3.2.3 FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS OF LOSS-IN-WEIGHT MEASUREMENT
3.2.4 SPECIFICATION OF LOSS-IN-WEIGHT MEASUREMENT
3.2.5 LOSS-IN-WEIGHT MEASUREMENT WITHOUT A LOAD CELL
4.0.0 BELT WEIGHING SYSTEM
4.1.0 Weigh Feeder Systems
4.1.1 DISCUSSIONS ON OPERATING PRINCIPLES
4.1.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF WEIGH FEEDERS
4.1.3 FEATURES OF WEIGH FEEDER (ALSO BELT SCALE/BELT WEIGHER)
4.1.4 APPLICATION OF WEIGH FEEDER (ALSO BELT SCALE/BELT WEIGHER)
4.1.5 SPECIFICATIONS OF WEIGH FEEDERS
4.1.6 WEIGH FEEDER SELECTION GUIDE
4.1.7 WEIGH FEEDER DISCUSSIONS
4.2.0 Belt Scale/Belt Weigher System
4.2.1 FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE BELT SCALE/BELT WEIGHER
4.2.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF BELT SCALES/BELT WEIGHERS (ADDITIONAL DETAILS)
4.2.3 SPECIFICATIONS OF BELT SCALE/BELT WEIGHERS
4.2.4 BELT SCALE/BELT WEIGHER SELECTION GUIDE
4.3.0 Load Cell and Sensing Electronics
4.3.1 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF LOAD CELL MEASUREMENT
4.3.2 LOAD CELL DISCUSSIONS
4.3.3 LOAD CELL SPECIFICATION
4.4.0 Speed Sensor and Sensing Electronics
4.4.1 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF SPEED SENSING
4.4.2 SPECIFICATION OF SPEED SENSING
4.5.0 Electronic Integration and Control Systems
4.5.1 FUNCTIONAL DETAILS OF WEIGHING ELECTRONIC INTEGRATOR AND CONTROLLER
4.5.2 FEATURES AVAILABLE FOR WEIGHING ELECTRONIC INTEGRATORS AND CONTROLLERS
4.5.3 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF WEIGHING ELECTRONIC INTEGRATORS AND CONTROLLERS
4.5.4 SPECIFICATION OF WEIGHING ELECTRONIC INTEGRATORS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
4.6.0 Motor Speed Control
4.7.0 Conveyor Accessories: Safety Switches
4.7.1 LOCAL START/STOP SWITCH
4.7.2 PULL CHORD SWITCH
4.7.3 BELT SWAY SWITCH
4.7.4 SPEED SWITCH (ZERO SPEED)
5.0.0 NONCONTACT TYPE MICROWAVE SOLID FLOW METERS
5.1.0 Descriptive Details of Microwave Solid Flow Instruments
5.1.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
5.1.2 METER DESCRIPTION
5.2.0 Features and Applications of Microwave Solid Flow Instruments
5.2.1 FEATURES OF MICROWAVE SOLID FLOW METERS
5.2.2 APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE SOLID FLOW METERS
5.3.0 Specification of Microwave Solid Flow Instrument
6.0.0 NONCONTACT TYPE NUCLEONIC SOLID FLOW METERS
6.1.0 Principles of Operation for Nucleonic Mass Solid Flow Meters
6.2.0 Configurations for Nucleonic Mass Solid Flow Meters
6.2.1 CONFIGURATIONS FOR SOLID FLOW MEASUREMENT IN PIPES
6.2.2 CONFIGURATIONS FOR MEASUREMENT IN CONVEYOR SYSTEMS
6.3.0 Descriptive Details of Nucleonic Solid Flow Measuring Systems
6.3.1 RADIATION SOURCE
6.3.2 RADIATION DETECTION
6.3.3 INTELLIGENT COMPUTING AND EVALUATION UNIT FOR NUCLEONIC FLOW METERS
6.4.0 Features and Applications
6.4.1 FEATURES OF NUCLEONIC SOLID FLOW METERS
6.4.2 APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEONIC SOLID FLOW METERS
6.5.0 Specification of Noncontact Type Nucleonic Solid Flow Measuring Systems
7.0.0 MISCELLANEOUS SOLID FLOW METERING SYSTEMS
7.1.0 Screw Weigh Feeder
7.1.1 OPERATIONAL DETAILS OF SCREW WEIGH FEEDERS
7.1.2 SIZING AND SELECTION OF SCREW WEIGH FEEDERS
7.1.3 TYPICAL FEATURES OF SCREW WEIGH FEEDERS
7.1.4 MAJOR APPLICATION AREAS OF SCREW WEIGH FEEDERS
7.2.0 Apron Weigh Feeders
7.3.0 Capacitance Type Solid Flow Meters
7.3.1 CAPACITANCE TYPE SOLID FLOW MEASUREMENT
7.3.2 FEATURES OF CAPACITANCE TYPE SOLID FLOW MEASUREMENT
7.4.0 Force Flow Type Solid Weigh Meters
7.4.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SOLID WEIGH METERS
7.4.2 PROS AND CONS FOR SOLID WEIGH METERS
8.0.0 PROCESS BATCH WEIGHER
8.1.0 Basic Principles Outline of Process Batch Weighers
8.2.0 Automated Process Batch Weighing Process
8.2.1 GAIN-IN-WEIGHT METHOD
8.2.2 LOSS-IN-WEIGHT METHOD
8.3.0 Controllers of Process Batch Weighers
9.0.0 CONCLUDING DISCUSSIONS ON SOLID FLOW MEASURING SYSTEMS
9.1.0 Load Cell
9.2.0 Speed Sensor
9.3.0 Motor Control
9.4.0 Conveyor Accessories
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
IX – MULTIPHASE FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION: CONCEPT OF MULTIPHASE FLOW-AN OVERVIEW
1.1.0 Fundamentals of Multiphase Flow
1.1.1 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
1.1.2 MULTIPHASE FLOW CLASSIFICATION AND REGIMES
1.1.3 MULTIPHASE CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOW REGIMES
1.2.0 Two-Phase Flow Measurement
1.2.1 UNDERSTANDING TWO-PHASE FLOW
1.2.2 TYPES OF TWO-PHASE FLOW PHENOMENA
1.2.3 VOID FRACTION AND VOID FRACTION MEASUREMENT IN TWO-PHASE FLOW
1.2.4 TWO-PHASE FLOW SENSING AND SENSORS (CORIOLIS MASS FLOW, US, PIV, AND LDA)
1.2.5 WET GAS METERING
1.2.6 WATER CUT METERING
1.3.0 Multiphase Flow Metering Philosophy and Well Testing
1.3.1 METHODS OF MULTIPHASE FLOW METERING
1.3.2 MULTIPHASE FLOW COMPUTATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
1.3.3 MULTIPHASE METER IN OIL AND GAS
1.3.4 WELL MONITORING
1.3.5 WELL TESTING
1.3.6 PRODUCTION ALLOCATION METERING
1.3.7 FISCAL OR CUSTODY TRANSFER MEASUREMENT
2.0.0 MULTIPHASE FLOW MEASUREMENT ESTIMATION AND TYPES
2.1.0 Phase Flow and Phase Fraction Measurement
2.1.1 PHASE FLOW OR VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
2.1.2 PHASE FRACTION MEASUREMENT
2.2.0 Wet Gas Meters
2.2.1 DP METHOD (DP ELEMENTS: VENTURI, V CONE, ORIFICE)
2.2.2 NON-DP WET GAS MEASUREMENTS
2.2.3 WET GAS FLOW METER (COMBINATION)
2.3.0 Water Cut Meter
2.3.1 WATER CUT METER WORKING PRINCIPLES
2.3.2 WATER CUT METER FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS
2.3.3 WATER CUT METER SPECIFICATION
2.3.4 WATER CUT METER DISCUSSIONS
2.4.0 Virtual Metering System (VMS)
2.4.1 PRINCIPLES OF A VIRTUAL METERING SYSTEM
2.4.2 BASIC PROCESS OF A VIRTUAL METERING SYSTEM
2.4.3 ANALYSIS OF VIRTUAL METERING SYSTEM RESULTS
3.0.0 MULTIPHASE FLOW METERING TECHNOLOGIES
3.1.0 Sonar in MPFM
3.2.0 Microwave Measurements in Multiphase
3.2.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MICROWAVE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY
3.2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR MEASUREMENT
3.2.3 RESONATOR TYPE SENSING
3.2.4 CHANGE OF FREQUENCY TYPE MEASUREMENT
3.2.5 ABSORPTION TYPE MEASUREMENT
3.3.0 Gamma Ray and Neutron Integration Technology
3.3.1 GAMMA RAY ABSORPTION METERING
3.3.2 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS-BASIC DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
3.3.3 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS PROCESS
3.3.4 PROMPT GAMMA-RAY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (PGNAA)
3.3.5 DELAYED GAMMA-RAY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (DGNAA)
3.3.6 NAA AND OIL EXPLORATION
3.4.0 Wire Mesh and Electrical Impedance Technology
3.4.1 WIRE MESH TYPE MEASUREMENT FUNDAMENTALS
3.4.2 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT OF CONDUCTIVITY TYPE WIRE MESH
3.4.3 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE TYPE WIRE MESH
3.4.4 INTRUSIVE EFFECT OF WIRE MESH SENSING
3.4.5 ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE METHOD (GENERAL: LOCAL MEASUREMENTS)
3.4.6 SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTAL WORK IN ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
3.5.0 Needle Probe (Local Void Fraction)
3.5.1 OPTICAL TYPE NEEDLE PROBE
3.5.2 THERMAL TYPE NEEDLE PROBE (COMBINED)
3.5.3 ELECTRICAL TYPE NEEDLE PROBE (COMBINED)
3.6.0 Tomography Techniques
3.6.1 GENERAL TOMOGRAPHY PROCESS
3.6.2 X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY: X-RAY CT
3.6.3 GAMMA RAY TOMOGRAPHY
3.6.4 NEUTRON/POSITRON TOMOGRAPHY
3.6.5 ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY
3.6.6 ULTRASOUND TOMOGRAPHY
3.6.7 OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY
3.6.8 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
3.7.0 Magnetic Resonance Multiphase Flow Meter
3.7.1 BACKGROUND THEORY FOR MR RESONANCE MEASUREMENT
3.7.2 MEASUREMENT BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE PRINCIPLES
3.7.3 METER PARTS
3.8.0 Sampling Type Multiphase Flow Meter
3.8.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
3.8.2 ISOKINETIC SAMPLING
4.0.0 MULTIPHASE FLOW METERING-MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICAL ISSUES
4.1.0 Multiphase Flow Meter Selection Issues
4.1.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND EXTERNAL CONDITIONS FOR METER SELECTION
4.1.2 SENSING SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
4.2.0 Multiphase Flow Meter Specification Issues
4.2.1 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION
4.2.2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
4.2.3 OUTPUT SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
5.0.0 MULTIPHASE FLOW METERING-INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING ISSUES
5.1.0 Brief Multiphase Installation Discussions
5.1.1 INSTALLATION GUIDELINES
5.1.2 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
5.2.0 Brief Multiphase Commissioning Discussions
6.0.0 MULTIPHASE FLOW METERING-TESTING AND CALIBRATION
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
X – SPECIAL FLOW METERS, FLOW GAGES, AND SWITCHES
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0.0 HALL EFFECT SENSING AND FLOW MEASUREMENT
2.1.0 Theoretical Background of Hall Effect
2.2.0 Hall Effect Sensor Types
2.2.1 ANALOG TYPE SENSOR
2.2.2 DIGITAL TYPE SENSOR
2.3.0 Magnetic System
2.3.1 UNIPOLAR MAGNETIC SYSTEM
2.3.2 BIPOLAR MAGNETIC SYSTEM
2.4.0 Hall Sensor Features and Applications
2.4.1 FEATURES OF HALL EFFECT SENSORS
2.4.2 APPLICATIONS IN FLOW MEASUREMENT
2.4.3 APPLICATIONS IN SPEED SENSING AND MEASUREMENT
2.5.0 Specification of Hall Sensors
3.0.0 MAGNETIC AND PROXIMITY PICKUP AND FLOW MEASUREMENT
3.1.0 Magnetic Pickup and Flow Measurement
3.1.1 MAGNETIC PICKUP WORKING PRINCIPLES
3.1.2 INFLUENCING FACTOR FOR MAGNETIC PICKUP
3.1.3 INSTALLATION OF MAGNETIC PICKUP
3.2.0 Proximity Pickup
3.2.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF PROXIMITY PICKUP
3.2.2 INSTALLATION PROXIMITY PICKUP
3.3.0 Signal Conditioning Unit
4.0.0 CRYOGENIC FLOW MEASUREMENT
4.1.0 Discussion on Cryogenic Flow Measurements
4.1.1 CONSTRAINTS OF VARIOUS CRYOGENIC FLOW METER TYPES
4.1.2 SELECTION OF FLOW METER IN CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS
4.2.0 Differential Pressure Type Cryogenic Flow Measurement
4.2.1 DP TYPE FLOW MEASUREMENT METHODS
4.2.2 DP TYPE FLOW METERING AND CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS
4.3.0 Turbine Meter in Cryogenic
4.4.0 Vortex Meter in Cryogenic Applications
4.5.0 Coriolis Mass Flow Meter in Cryogenic Applications
4.6.0 Ultrasonic Flow Meter in Cryogenic Applications
4.7.0 Processing Electronics in Cryogenic Applications
5.0.0 FLOW GAGES
5.1.0 Direct-Flow Gages
5.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF DIRECT-FLOW GAGES
5.1.2 FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS OF DIRECT-FLOW GAGES
5.1.3 SPECIFICATION FOR DIRECT-FLOW GAGES
5.2.0 Sight Flow Indicator
5.2.1 TUBE TYPE SIGHT FLOW INDICATORS
5.2.2 SIGHT FLOW INDICATOR WITH FLAP
5.2.3 SIGHT FLOW INDICATOR WITH BALL/SPINNER
5.2.4 SIGHT FLOW INDICATOR WITH SPINNER
5.2.5 SIGHT FLOW INDICATOR-IMPELLER TYPE
5.2.6 FLOW RATE TYPE INDICATOR
5.3.0 Digital Local Flow Indicator
5.3.1 FEATURES OF DIGITAL LOCAL FLOW METERS
5.3.2 SHORT SPECIFICATION OF DIGITAL LOCAL FLOW METERS
6.0.0 MECHANICAL TYPE FLOW METERS
6.1.0 Mechanical Water Meters
6.1.1 GENERAL DESIGN DETAILS FOR WATER METERS
6.1.2 DOMESTIC WATER FLOW METERS
6.1.3 IRRIGATION, AGRICULTURE AND FERTILIZER WATER FLOW METER
6.2.0 Mechanical Oil and Other Flow Meter
6.2.1 MECHANICAL OIL FLOW METERS
6.2.2 OTHER MECHANICAL FLOW METERS
7.0.0 FLOW SWITCH
7.0.1 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES WITH EXPLANATIONS
7.0.2 FLOW SWITCH TYPES
7.1.0 General Requirements of Flow Switches With Explanations
7.2.0 Flow/No-Flow Switch: Paddle(/Vane) Type
7.2.1 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF PADDLE TYPE FLOW/NO-FLOW SWITCHES
7.2.2 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS OF PADDLE TYPE FLOW SWITCHES
7.2.3 SPECIFICATIONS OF PADDLE (VANE) TYPE FLOW SWITCHES
7.3.0 In-Line and DP Type Flow Switches
7.3.1 IN-LINE (PISTON) FLOW SWITCH
7.3.2 DP TYPE FLOW SWITCH
7.4.0 Variable Orifice Type Flow Switches
7.4.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF VARIABLE ORIFICE FLOW SWITCH
7.4.2 SPECIFICATION OF VARIABLE ORIFICE FLOW SWITCHES
7.5.0 Thermal Dispersion Type Flow Switch (Monitor)
7.5.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THERMAL DISPERSION FLOW MONITORS
7.5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THERMAL TYPE FLOW SWITCHES
7.5.3 SPECIFICATION OF THERMAL FLOW SWITCHES
7.6.0 Discussions on Miscellaneous Flow Switches
7.7.0 Discussions on Solid (Bulk) Flow Monitors
7.7.1 MICROWAVE TYPE SOLID FLOW MONITORS
7.7.2 ELECTRIC CHARGE TYPE FLOW MONITORS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
XI – FLOW CONDITIONING COMPUTATION AND CONTROL
PREAMBLE
1.0.0 FLOW CONDITIONING
1.1.0 Flow Straighteners
1.1.1 TUBE BUNDLE FLOW STRAIGHTENER
1.1.2 AMCA FLOW STRAIGHTENER
1.1.3 THE ETOILE STRAIGHTENER
1.2.0 Flow Conditioners (True Flow Conditioners)
1.2.1 GALLAGHER FLOW CONDITIONER
1.2.2 K-LAB NOVA
1.2.3 ZANKER FLOW CONDITIONER CONDITIONING PLATE
1.2.4 NEL (SPEARMAN) FLOW CONDITIONER
1.2.5 SPRENKLE FLOW CONDITIONER
1.3.0 Discussions on Flow Conditioning
1.3.1 IMPACT OF SWIRL ON FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.3.2 SWIRL EFFECT ON SOME SELECTED METERING TYPES (VOLUME FLOW)
1.3.3 PRESSURE DROP AND STRAIGHT LENGTH ISSUES
1.3.4 SOME API REQUIREMENTS
2.0.0 FLOW TRANSMITTERS (DPT AND MVT) AND CONVERTERS
2.1.0 Basic Transmitter Theory, Technologies and Selection
2.1.1 SIGNAL TRANSMISSIONS AND SMART TRANSMITTERS
2.1.2 TRANSMITTER MEASUREMENT LOOP
2.1.3 TRANSMITTER COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES
2.1.4 MULTIVARIABLE TRANSMITTERS
2.2.0 Material Selection
2.2.1 WETTED PARTS
2.2.2 NONWETTED PARTS MATERIALS
2.3.0 Performance Details
2.3.1 ACCURACY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
2.3.2 OTHER MISCELLANEOUS EFFECTS AND RESPONSES
2.4.0 Specification
2.4.1 SPECIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS
2.4.2 SPECIFICATION OF MULTIVARIABLE TRANSMITTERS
2.5.0 Mounting and Installation of DPTs and MVTs
3.0.0 METERING PUMP
3.1.0 Peristaltic Metering Pumps
3.1.1 WORKING PRINCIPLES AND TYPES OF PERISTALTIC PUMP
3.1.2 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF PUMP CATEGORIES AND SPECIFICATION
3.1.3 PARTS AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF PERISTALTIC METERING PUMPS
3.1.4 APPLICATION AREAS FOR PERISTALTIC METERING PUMPS
3.2.0 Piston-Operated (With/Without Diaphragm) Metering Pumps
3.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF A DIRECT PISTON-OPERATED METERING PUMP (NO DIAPHRAGM)
3.2.2 DIRECT PISTON METERING PUMP COMPONENTS AND THEIR MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
3.2.3 TECHNICAL DATA
3.2.4 MAJOR APPLICATION AREAS
3.2.5 GENERAL DISCUSSIONS ON DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
3.2.6 DRIVE AND DRIVE MECHANISM OF DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
3.2.7 PERFORMANCE DATA FOR DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
3.3.0 Metering Pump in Dosing Control (Application Example)
3.4.0 Double Diaphragm Mechanically Actuated Diaphragm Metering Pump
4.0.0 ENERGY FLOW COMPUTATION AND METERING
4.1.0 General Discussions on Energy Flow and Its Requirements
4.2.0 Energy Metering for Fuel and Steam
4.2.1 IMPORTANT TERMS FOR FUEL GAS IN COMBUSTION
4.2.2 USE OF WI FOR HEAT FLOW
4.2.3 ENERGY FLOW COMPUTATION IN GAS AND STEAM
4.2.4 FUEL ENERGY FLOW METERING AND COMBUSTION CONTROL
4.2.5 ENERGY FLOW/BTU METER DISCUSSIONS AND SPECIFICATION
4.3.0 Energy Flow or BTU Meter Application for Heat Exchanger Efficiency
4.3.1 BOILER EFFICIENCY CALCULATION WITH ENERGY COMPUTATION UNIT
4.3.2 BOILER EFFICIENCY FORMULATION AND MEASUREMENT POINTS
5.0.0 FLOW COMPUTERS AND DISPLAY UNITS
5.1.0 General Discussions on Flow Computers
5.1.1 DEFINITION OF A FLOW COMPUTER
5.1.2 FUNCTIONALITY OF FLOW COMPUTERS
5.1.3 DENSITY COMPUTATION AND VARIATION ISSUES FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
5.2.0 Details of Flow Computers
5.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF FLOW COMPUTERS
5.2.2 FEATURES OF FLOW COMPUTERS
5.2.3 APPLICATIONS OF FLOW COMPUTERS
5.2.4 SPECIFICATION OF FLOW COMPUTERS
5.3.0 Various Display Units and the Operator Interface
6.0.0 FLOW IN BATCH CONTROL-FILLING AND DISPENSING
6.1.0 Flow in Batch Control
6.1.1 FUNCTIONAL DETAILS OF FLOW IN A BATCH PROCESS
6.1.2 FLOW METERS IN BATCH PROCESS OPERATIONS
6.1.3 FEATURES OF BATCH CONTROLLERS
6.1.4 SPECIFICATION FOR BATCH CONTROLLERS
6.2.0 Filling Machines
6.2.1 STANDARD ISSUES RELATED TO FILLING MACHINES
6.2.2 GENERAL FEATURES OF FILLING MACHINES
6.2.3 DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL FILLING MACHINES AND SYSTEMS
6.3.0 Dispensers
6.3.1 VOLUMETRIC DISPENSING
6.3.2 GRAVIMETRIC DISPENSING
7.0.0 FLOW CONTROLLERS
7.1.0 Constant Volume Flow Controllers
7.1.1 CONSTANT VOLUME FLOW CONTROLLER IN GAS APPLICATIONS
7.1.2 CONSTANT VOLUME FLOW CONTROLLER IN LIQUID APPLICATIONS
7.2.0 Constant Mass Flow Controllers
7.2.1 APPLICATION AREA OF MASS FLOW CONTROLLERS
7.2.2 DESCRIPTION OF MASS FLOW CONTROLLERS
8.0.0 SIGNAL PROCESSING IN SMART TRANSDUCERS AND CONVERTERS
8.1.0 Standard Transmitters
8.1.1 HART TRANSMITTERS
8.1.2 FIELDBUS TRANSMITTERS
8.1.3 INTELLIGENT SENSING
8.2.0 Smart Converters
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
XII – FLOW IN PLANT APPLICATIONS
PREAMBLE
1.0.0 GENERAL PLANT ISSUES RELATED TO FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.1.0 Issues Related to Industrial Dusts
1.1.1 INSTALLATION PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
1.1.2 USE OF PURGE ROTAMETERS AND OTHER TYPES
1.1.3 OTHER GAS FLOW METER TYPES
1.1.4 DUST CLOUD MEASUREMENT
1.2.0 Different Flow Meters and Associated Issues
1.2.1 DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES IN ULTRASONIC FLOW METERS
1.2.2 FOULING EFFECT ON ULTRASONIC FLOW METERS
1.2.3 VORTEX METER AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES
1.2.4 SOME COMMON PHENOMENA AFFECTING FLOW METER PERFORMANCES
1.3.0 Impact of Installation Effect on Meter Performance
1.3.1 PROFILE DISTORTION
1.3.2 FLOW CONDITIONERS
1.3.3 INSTALLATION EFFECT ON ULTRASONIC FLOW METER
1.3.4 INSTALLATION EFFECT ON TURBINE FLOW METERS
1.3.5 INSTALLATION EFFECT ON SECONDARY MEASUREMENT
1.3.6 DESIGN GUIDELINE REFERENCES
2.0.0 THERMAL POWER PLANT ISSUES RELATED TO FLOW MEASUREMENT
2.1.0 Steam Flow Measurement
2.1.1 MAIN STEAM FLOW MEASUREMENT
2.1.2 OTHER STEAM FLOW MEASUREMENTS
2.2.0 Pulverized Coal Flow Measurement
2.2.1 MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS AND DIFFICULTIES
2.2.2 CONVENTIONAL COAL FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROLS
2.2.3 PULVERIZED COAL FLOW MEASUREMENT
2.3.0 Air and Flue Gas Flow Measurement
2.3.1 AIR FLUE GAS FLOW MEASUREMENTS
2.3.2 MILL AIR FLOW MEASUREMENTS AND CONTROL
2.4.0 Flow Meters for Abrasive Fluid Handling in a Flue Gas Desulfurization Plant
3.0.0 SOME FLOW MEASUREMENT ISSUES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
3.1.0 ASME Code
3.2.0 Reactor Coolant Systems Flow Measurement
3.2.1 ELBOW AND PCHB FOR FLOW
3.2.2 DESIGN ISSUES
3.3.0 Sonar in Nuclear Application
4.0.0 OIL AND GAS APPLICATIONS
4.1.0 Instruments Used in Oil and Gas Flow Measurements
4.1.1 DIFFERENT MAJOR FLOW INSTRUMENTS USED IN OIL AND GAS
4.1.2 USE OF INSTRUMENTS AT DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE OIL AND GAS PROCESS
4.2.0 Instruments Used in Production Oil Separators
4.3.0 Flow Metering Standards
4.4.0 Metering Stations
4.4.1 GAS METERING SYSTEM (STATION)
4.4.2 LIQUID MEASURING SYSTEM (STATION)
4.5.0 Leak Detection in Long Pipe Line
4.5.1 ADVANTAGES OF USFM FOR LEAK DETECTION
4.5.2 DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF THE LEAK DETECTION SYSTEM
4.6.0 Petroleum Refinery Application
4.7.0 Petrochemical Application
5.0.0 PULP, PAPER, AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
5.1.0 Major Challenges and Aims of Flow Measurement
5.2.0 Flow Meters in Paper and Chemical Plants
5.2.1 USE OF DP TYPE METERS
5.2.2 USE OF MAGNETIC FLOW METERS
5.2.3 USE OF ULTRASONIC FLOW METERS
5.2.4 USE OF VORTEX
5.2.5 MASS FLOW METERS
5.2.6 SONAR FLOW METERS IN PULP AND PAPER PLANTS
6.0.0 PHARMACEUTICAL, FOOD, AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES
6.1.0 Instrument Types Used in Pharmaceutical, Food, and Beverage Industries
6.2.0 Discussions on Flow Meters in Pharmaceutical Industries
6.2.1 ULTRASONIC FLOW METER APPLICATIONS
6.2.2 TURBINE FLOW METER APPLICATIONS
6.2.3 MASS FLOW METERS
6.2.4 SOLID FLOW METERING
6.3.0 Discussions on Flow Meters in Food and Beverage Industries
6.3.1 GENERAL PROCESS REQUIREMENTS IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES
6.3.2 MAJOR FLOW INSTRUMENTS USED
7.0.0 METALLURGICAL AND MINING INDUSTRIES
7.1.0 Process Description
7.1.1 INTEGRATED STEEL PLANT PROCESS OUTLINE
7.1.2 ALUMINUM PRODUCTION PROCESS OUTLINE
7.1.3 COAL MINING AND METHANE RECOVERY PROCESS
7.2.0 Instrumentation Applications in Steel Plants
7.2.1 DP TYPE FLOW METERING
7.2.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER APPLICATIONS
7.2.3 OTHER FLOW METER TYPES IN STEEL MAKING APPLICATIONS
7.3.0 Instrumentation Applications in the Aluminum Making Process
7.3.1 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METERS
7.3.2 APPLICATIONS OF WEDGE FLOW METERS
7.3.3 SONAR TYPE FLOW METERING IN ALUMINUM MANUFACTURING
7.4.0 Instrumentation Applications in the Coal Mining Process
7.4.1 METHANE GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT
7.4.2 MINE WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT
7.4.3 MEASUREMENT OF FEED FLOW TO HYDROCYCLONES
8.0.0 FLOW MEASUREMENTS IN CEMENT PLANTS
8.1.0 Brief Cement Making Process
8.2.0 Flow Measurement Specialties in Cement Plants
8.2.1 AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT BY TRIBO ELECTRIC METHOD
8.2.2 ROTARY WEIGH/GRAVIMETRIC FEEDER
8.2.3 MASS FLOW MEASUREMENT OF CEMENT FOR REDUCED CHROMATIC CONCRETE
9.0.0 FLOW MEASUREMENTS IN MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS
9.1.0 Flow Measurements in Ethanol Plants
9.1.1 ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS
9.1.2 FLOW METER TYPES AND SELECTIONS
9.1.3 FLOW METER APPLICATIONS
9.2.0 Energy Consumption in Biogas
9.2.1 METER DETAILS
9.2.2 MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS
9.3.0 Heat Consumption Measurements for Centralized Steam Supply
9.4.0 Flow Measurements in Breweries
9.4.1 BREWING PROCESS
9.4.2 FLOW METERING IN THE BREWING PROCESS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
I – UNIT CONVERSIONS AND FLOW PROPERTIES
1.0.0 UNIT CONVERSIONS
1.1.0 Pressure Conversions
1.1.1 EXPLANATION OF PRESSURE AND VARIOUS DEFINITIONS
1.2.0 Temperature Conversion Factors
1.3.0 Volume and Mass Conversion Factor
1.3.1 VOLUME CONVERSION FACTOR
1.3.2 MASS CONVERSION FACTOR
1.4.0 Density (Specific gravity) and Viscosity Conversion Factors
1.4.1 DENSITY UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS
1.4.2 DENSITY SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A FEW SELECTED MATERIALS
1.4.3 VISCOSITY UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS
1.5.0 Length Conversion Factors
1.6.0 Flow Conversion Factors
1.6.1 VOLUMETRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
1.6.2 MASS FLOW RATE CONVERSION FACTORS
2.0.0 FLOW PROPERTIES
2.1.0 Flow Regime and Reynolds Number
2.2.0 Pressure Loss and Reynolds Number
3.0.0 SOLID FLOW PROPERTIES
3.1.0 Solid Flow Characteristic Features and Essential Properties
3.2.0 Flowability for Solid Flows
II – MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE
1.0.0 BRIEF DISCUSSIONS ON CHEMISTRY
1.1.0 Background Chemistry for Material Selections for Flow Meters
1.1.1 CHEMICAL REACTION ISSUES FOR SOME METALS
1.2.0 Corrosion
1.2.1 DISCUSSIONS ON THE CORROSION PROCESS
1.2.2 TYPES OF CORROSION PROCESS
2.0.0 FAMILIARIZATION WITH COMMONLY USED MATERIALS
2.1.0 Metals and Alloys
2.1.1 STAINLESS STEEL
2.1.2 CAST IRON AND CARBON STEEL
2.1.3 HASTELLOY TYPES
2.1.4 NICKEL, MONEL, AND INCONEL TYPES
2.1.5 TANTALUM AND TITANIUM
2.2.0 Nonmetallic Commonly Used Materials
2.2.1 NONMETALLIC NONELASTOMERIC MATERIALS
2.2.2 NONMETALLIC ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS
3.0.0 MATERIALS AND USES IN SELECTED FLOW METERS
3.1.0 Coriolis Mass Flow Meter for Fluid Meter Tube
3.2.0 Differential Pressure Transmitter
3.3.0 Electromagnetic Flow Meter
3.4.0 Thermal Mass Flow Meter
3.5.0 Turbine Flow Meter
3.6.0 Vortex/Swirl Meters
4.0.0 MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
III – MECHANICAL AND PIPING DATA (INCLUDING FLANGE DATA)
1.0.0 UNIT CONVERSIONS FOR FORCE, TORQUE, POWER, AND ENERGY
1.1.0 Unit Conversion for Force
1.2.0 Unit Conversion for Torque
1.3.0 Unit Conversion for Power
1.4.0 Unit Conversion for Energy
2.0.0 PIPING DATA
2.1.0 Pipe and Tube Specification
2.1.1 PIPE SPECIFICATIONS
2.1.2 TUBE SPECIFICATION
3.0.0 FLANGE DATA
3.1.0 Flange Types
3.1.1 FLANGE CONNECTION TYPES
3.1.2 FLANGE FACE TYPES
3.2.0 Flange Standards and Dimensions
3.2.1 MAJOR STANDARDS
3.2.2 RAISED FACE HEIGHT
3.3.0 Flange Dimensional Details
4.0.0 GASKET SYSTEM
IV – CUSTODY TRANSFER (INCLUDING PROVER)
1.0.0 CUSTODY TRANSFER GENERAL DISCUSSIONS
1.1.0 Explanation of Custody Transfer
1.2.0 Some Standards and Associations for Custody Transfer
1.3.0 Measuring System for Custody Transfer
1.4.0 Recommended Meter Types for Custody Transfer Measurements
1.5.0 Role of AGA and API in Custody Transfer Metering
1.6.0 Meter Selection for Custody Transfer Metering
1.7.0 Custody Transfer Measurements and Legal Issues
2.0.0 DISCUSSIONS ON METER TYPES USED IN CUSTODY TRANSFER
2.1.0 Differential Pressure Type Flow Metering
2.2.0 Positive Displacement (PD) Type Flow Metering
2.3.0 Turbine Type Flow Metering
2.3.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS AND FEATURES OF TURBINE FLOW METERS
2.3.2 MEASUREMENT ACCURACY
2.4.0 Ultrasonic Type Flow Metering
2.4.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS
2.4.2 FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES
2.4.3 APPLICATION AREAS
2.4.4 USFM PERFORMANCE
2.4.5 PROVING LIQUID ULTRASONIC FLOW METERS
2.5.0 Coriolis Type Flow Metering
2.5.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
2.5.2 METER SIZE
2.5.3 CORIOLIS METER FEATURES
2.5.4 CORIOLIS METER PERFORMANCE
2.5.5 CORIOLIS METER CT APPLICATION AREAS
2.5.6 CORIOLIS METER DISCUSSIONS
3.0.0 DISCUSSIONS ON PROVER SYSTEMS AND MASTER METERS
3.1.0 Commonly Used Terms and Definitions
3.2.0 Prover Types
3.2.1 PIPE PROVERS
3.2.2 PISTON PROVER
3.2.3 SMALL-VOLUME PROVER
3.3.0 Proving Conditions
FURTHER READING
V – SAFETY LIFECYCLE
PREAMBLE
1.0.0 GENERAL DISCUSSIONS
1.1.0 Definitions and Explanations of a Few Related Terms
1.2.0 Discussions on BPCS and SIS
2.0.0 RISK DISCUSSIONS
2.0.1 RISK FREQUENCY
2.0.2 SEVERITY
2.0.3 RISK LEVEL (BASED ON ACTION AND TIME)
2.1.0 Risk Analysis and Assessment
2.1.1 RISK REGISTER
2.1.2 RISK MATRIX
3.0.0 SAFETY LIFECYCLE
3.1.0 IEC 61508 Safety Lifecycle
3.1.1 ANALYSIS PART OF IEC 61508
3.1.2 ANALYSIS PART OF IEC 61508
3.1.3 OPERATION PART OF IEC 61508
3.2.0 IEC 61511 Safety Lifecycle
3.2.1 ANALYSIS PART OF IEC 61511
3.2.2 IMPLEMENTATION PART OF IEC 61511
3.2.3 OPERATION PART OF IEC 61511
3.2.4 SUMMARY
4.0.0 SIF, SIL, AND SIS
4.1.0 Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Discussions
4.1.1 SIL CATEGORIES
4.1.2 SIL, PFD, AND AVAILABILITY INTERRELATIONS
4.2.0 SIL Determination Techniques

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