Nanotoxicity: Prevention and Antibacterial Applications of Nanomaterials (Micro and Nano Technologies) 1st Edition by Susai Rajendran 012819944X 9780128199442

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ISBN-10 :  012819944X 

ISBN-13 : 9780128199442

Author :  Susai Rajendran 

Nanotoxicity: Prevention, and Antibacterial Applications of Nanomaterials focuses on the fundamental concepts for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nanomaterials. It sheds more light on the underlying phenomena and fundamental mechanisms through which nanomaterials interact with organisms and physiological media. The book provides good guidance for toxic prevention methods and management in the manufacture/application/disposal. The book also discusses the potential applications of nanomaterials-based antibiotics.

Nanotoxicity: Prevention and Antibacterial Applications of Nanomaterials (Micro and Nano Technologies) 1st Table of contents:

1 Basic principles
1 Nanoparticle–physiological media interactions
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Particle–cell interactions in physiological media
1.1.2 Engineered nanoparticles in many commercial products
1.1.3 Nanoparticle-mediated therapies
1.1.4 Protein corona
1.1.5 Quantification of particle uptake
1.1.6 Flow cytometry
1.1.7 Use of plasmonic properties
1.1.8 Other methods used to quantify the nanoparticle uptake
1.1.9 Limitations of the above methods
1.1.10 Use of atomic force microscopy
1.2 Recent advances on the interaction of nanoparticles with biological media
1.2.1 Dynamical modeling of manipulation process in trolling-mode atomic force microscopy
1.2.2 Limits of the effective medium theory in particle amplified surface plasmon resonance spectros
1.2.3 Aromatic nitrogen mustard-based autofluorescent amphiphilic brush copolymer as pH-responsive d
1.2.4 Dynamic changes of protein corona compositions on the surface of zinc oxide nanoparticle in ce
1.2.5 In vitro methods for assessing nanoparticle toxicity
1.2.6 Nanoparticles targeting retinal and choroidal capillaries in vivo
1.2.7 Distribution of superparamagnetic Au/Fe nanoparticles in an isolated guinea pig brain with an
1.2.8 Long-term real-time tracking live stem cells/cancer cells in vitro/in vivo through highly bioc
1.2.9 The effect of silica nanoparticles stability in biological media
1.2.10 Experimental challenges regarding the in vitro investigation of the nanoparticle-biocorona in
1.2.11 Effect of ionic strength on shear-thinning nanoclay–polymer composite hydrogels
1.2.12 The effect of surface charge and pH on the physiological behavior of cobalt, copper, manganes
1.2.13 Sweet strategies in prostate cancer biomarker research: focus on a prostate-specific antigen
1.2.14 Iron oxide colloidal nanoclusters as theranostic vehicles and their interactions at the cellu
1.2.15 Assembly of carboxylated zinc phthalocyanine with gold nanoparticle for colorimetric detectio
1.2.16 Developing the next generation of graphene-based platforms for cancer therapeutics
1.2.17 pH-Responsive morphology-controlled redox behavior and cellular uptake of nanoceria in fibros
1.2.18 pH- and thermo-sensitive MTX-loaded magnetic nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization, and
1.2.19 Monitoring the dynamics of cell-derived extracellular vesicles at the nanoscale by liquid-cel
1.2.20 In vivo formation of protein corona on gold nanoparticles—the effect of their size and shap
1.2.21 Fabrication of folic acid magnetic nanotheranostics: an insight on the formation mechanism, p
1.2.22 Multifunctional pH sensitive three-dimensional scaffolds for treatment and prevention of bone
1.2.23 Antibody-pHPMA functionalized fluorescent silica nanoparticles for colorectal carcinoma targe
1.2.24 Size-controlled, colloidally stable, and functional nanoparticles based on the molecular asse
1.2.25 Influence of interaction between α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and dissolved fulvic acid on the phys
References
2 In vitro methods to assess the cellular toxicity of nanoparticles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and methods
2.2.1 Cytotoxicity
2.2.1.1 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay
2.2.1.1.1 Materials
2.2.1.1.2 Medium, buffer, and solutions
2.2.1.1.2.1 In vitro components
2.2.1.1.2.1.1 Preparation of culture medium
2.2.1.1.2.1.2 Phosphate buffered saline (Ca2+, Mg2+ free)
2.2.1.1.2.1.3 Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)
2.2.1.1.3 Method
2.2.1.1.4 Limitations
2.2.2 Live/dead assessment
2.2.2.1 Propidium iodide uptake assay
2.2.2.1.1 Materials
2.2.2.1.2 Medium, buffer, and solutions
2.2.2.1.2.1 In vitro components
2.2.2.1.2.1.1 Preparation of culture medium
2.2.2.1.2.1.2 Phosphate buffered saline (Ca2+, Mg2+ free)
2.2.2.1.2.1.3 Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)
2.2.2.1.3 Methods
2.2.2.1.3.1 In vitro cell preparation and treatment
2.2.2.1.3.2 In vitro method for propidium iodide uptake assay
2.2.2.1.4 Limitations
2.2.2.2 Trypan blue exclusion test
2.2.2.2.1 Materials
2.2.2.2.2 Medium, buffer, and solutions
2.2.2.2.2.1 In vitro components
2.2.2.2.2.1.1 Preparation of culture medium
2.2.2.2.2.1.2 Phosphate buffered saline (Ca2+, Mg2+ free)
2.2.2.2.2.1.3 Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)
2.2.2.2.3 Methods
2.2.2.2.3.1 In vitro cell preparation and treatment
2.2.2.2.3.2 In vitro method for trypan blue exclusion test
2.2.2.2.4 Limitations
2.2.3 Genotoxicity
2.2.3.1 Single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay
2.2.3.1.1 Materials
2.2.3.1.2 Medium, buffer, and solutions
2.2.3.1.2.1 Normal melting agarose
2.2.3.1.2.2 Low-melting-point agarose
2.2.3.1.2.3 Stock lysing solution
2.2.3.1.2.4 Working lysing solution
2.2.3.1.2.5 Electrophoresis buffer
2.2.3.1.2.6 Neutralization buffer
2.2.3.1.2.7 Staining solution
2.2.3.1.2.8 5,6-Carboxyflourescein dye
2.2.3.1.2.9 In vitro components
2.2.3.1.2.9.1 Preparation of culture medium
2.2.3.1.2.9.2 Phosphate buffered saline (Ca2+, Mg2+ free)
2.2.3.1.2.9.3 Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)
2.2.3.1.3 Methods
2.2.3.1.3.1 In vitro cell preparation
2.2.3.1.3.1.1 Viability test
2.2.3.1.3.1.2 Preparation of base slides
2.2.3.1.3.1.3 Cell lysis
2.2.3.1.3.1.4 Electrophoresis of microgel slides
2.2.3.1.3.1.5 Neutralization of microgel slides
2.2.3.1.3.1.6 Staining of microgel slides
2.2.3.1.3.1.7 Scoring of the microgel slides
2.2.3.1.4 Limitations
2.2.3.2 Cytokinesis block micronucleus assay
2.2.3.2.1 Materials
2.2.3.2.2 Medium, buffer, and solutions
2.2.3.2.2.1 Cytochalasin B
2.2.3.2.2.2 Geimsa stock solution
2.2.3.2.2.3 Working geimsa solution
2.2.3.2.2.4 In vitro components
2.2.3.2.2.4.1 Preparation of culture medium
2.2.3.2.2.4.2 Phosphate buffered saline (Ca2+, Mg2+ free)
2.2.3.2.2.4.3 Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)
2.2.3.2.2.4.4 Hypotonic solution (potassium chloride)
2.2.3.2.2.4.5 Carnoy’s fixative
2.2.3.2.2.4.6 Sorenson’s buffer
2.2.3.2.2.5 In vivo components
2.2.3.2.2.5.1 Anticoagulant
2.2.3.2.2.5.2 Buffer
2.2.3.2.3 Methods
2.2.3.2.3.1 In vitro cell preparation and treatment
2.2.3.2.4 Limitations
2.2.4 Oxidative stress
2.2.4.1 Reactive oxygen species generation
2.2.4.1.1 Materials
2.2.4.1.2 Medium, buffer, and solutions
2.2.4.1.2.1 In vitro components
2.2.4.1.2.1.1 Preparation of culture medium
2.2.4.1.2.1.2 Phosphate buffered saline (Ca2+, Mg2+ free)
2.2.4.1.2.1.3 Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)
2.2.4.1.3 Methods
2.2.4.1.3.1 Stock 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate
2.2.4.1.3.2 Working 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate
2.2.4.1.3.3 tert-Butyl hydrogen peroxide
2.2.4.1.3.4 In vitro cell preparation
2.2.4.1.3.5 Method for in vitro reactive oxygen species detection
2.2.4.1.4 Limitations
2.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3 In vivo studies: toxicity and biodistribution of nanocarriers in organisms
List of abbreviations
3.1 General overview
3.2 Types of nanocarriers
3.2.1 Carbon nanotubes
3.2.2 Nanoparticles
3.2.2.1 Inorganic nanoparticles
3.2.2.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
3.3 Polymeric micelles
3.4 Dendrimers
3.4.1 Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers
3.4.2 Poly(amidoamine) dendriplexes (complex with nucleic acid)
3.4.3 Polypropyleneimine dendrimers
3.4.4 Melamine dendrimers
3.5 Liposomes
3.6 Conclusion
3.7 Future directions
References
4 Standard biological assays to estimate nanoparticle toxicity and biodistribution
4.1 Introduction
4.2 In vitro methods for determination of nanoparticle toxicity
4.2.1 Methods for cytotoxicity assessment
4.2.1.1 Dye exclusion assays
4.2.1.1.1 Trypan blue exclusion assay
Protocol
4.2.1.1.2 Erythrosin B dye exclusion assay
4.2.1.2 Colorimetric assays
4.2.1.2.1 MTT assay
4.2.1.2.1.1 Protocol
4.2.1.2.2 WST-1 assay
4.2.1.2.3 Lactate dehydrogenase assay
4.2.1.2.3.1 Protocol
4.2.1.2.4 Neutral red uptake
4.2.1.2.4.1 Protocol
4.2.1.3 Fluorescence-based assays
4.2.1.3.1 Alamar blue assay
4.2.1.3.1.1 Protocol
4.2.1.3.2 Protease-based viability assay
4.2.1.3.2.1 Protocol
4.2.1.4 Luminometric methods for cell viability assessment
4.2.1.4.1 Adenosine triphosphate based method
4.2.1.4.1.1 Protocol
4.2.1.5 Cell viability test in real-time
4.2.1.5.1 Protocol
4.2.1.5.2 Estimation of oxidative stress
4.2.1.5.3 Reactive oxygen species level measurement
4.2.1.5.3.1 Protocol
4.2.1.5.4 Lipid peroxidation
4.2.1.5.4.1 Protocol
4.2.1.5.5 Glutathione estimation
4.2.1.5.5.1 Protocol
4.2.1.6 Apoptosis based assays
4.2.1.6.1 Annexin-V FITC/propidium Iodide assay
4.2.1.6.2 TUNEL assay
4.2.2 Methods for determining the genotoxicity potential of nanoparticles
4.2.2.1 Micronucleus formation
4.2.2.2 Cytokinesis block micronucleus assay
4.2.2.3 Flow micronucleus assay
4.2.2.4 Comet assay
4.3 In vivo bio-distribution and toxicity of nanoparticles
4.3.1 Quantitation and bio-distribution of nanoparticles from tissues
4.3.2 Electron microscopy
4.3.3 Liquid scintillation counting
4.3.4 Quantification of nanoparticles by drug loading and release
4.3.5 Whole body imaging-based methods for assessment of nanoparticle toxicity and bio-distribution
4.3.5.1 In vivo optical imaging
4.3.5.2 Computed tomography
4.3.5.3 Magnetic resonance imaging
4.3.5.4 Nuclear medicine imaging
4.4 Conclusion and future aspects
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
2 Toxicity of nanomaterials
5 Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Metal oxide nanoparticles
5.3 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
5.3.1 In vitro toxicity studies of ZnO nanoparticles
5.3.2 In vivo toxicity studies of ZnO nanoparticles
5.4 Iron Oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles
5.4.1 In vitro toxicity studies of IO nanoparticles
5.4.2 In vivo toxicity studies of IO nanoparticles
5.5 Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles
5.5.1 In vitro toxicity studies of TiO2 nanoparticles
5.5.2 In vivo toxicity studies of TiO2 nanoparticles
5.6 Copper oxide nanoparticles
5.6.1 In vitro toxicity studies of CuO nanoparticles
5.6.2 In vivo toxicity studies of CuO nanoparticles
5.7 Toxicity mechanism of metal oxide nanoparticles
5.7.1 Oxidative stress
5.7.2 Metal ion toxicity
5.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References
Further reading
6 Toxicity of silver and other metallic nanoparticles
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Toxicity of silver nanoparticles
6.2.1 Biocorona formation contributes to silver nanoparticle induced endoplasmic reticulum stress
6.2.2 Silver nanoparticles to prepare scaffolds for the regeneration of infected full-thickness skin
6.2.3 Responses of flocculated activated sludge to bimetallic Ag-Fe nanoparticles toxicity
6.2.4 Influence of addition of L-cysteine into inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) modified Ag nanoparticle
6.2.5 Silver accumulation in adults and abnormal embryo development in their offspring
6.2.6 Toxicity of silver nanoparticles released by Hancornia speciosa (Mangabeira) biomembrane
6.3 Toxicity of gold nanoparticles
6.3.1 Toxicity of gold nanoparticles on human health and environment
6.3.2 Gold nanoparticles and quantification of individual mycotoxin concentrations
6.3.3 Interaction of gold nanoparticles with nanoparticles of silver and titanium dioxide
6.3.4 Differential cytotoxicity effect of dragon fruit extract capped gold nanoparticles on breast c
6.3.5 Anticancer activity of gold nanoparticles prepared by using fruit extract of Lycium chinense
6.3.6 Mechanism of intracellular uptake and localization and the subsequent toxicity of nanoparticle
6.3.7 The interaction strategy of diosmin functionalized gold nanoparticles with calf thymus DNA
6.3.8 Effects and bioaccumulation of gold nanoparticles in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)
6.3.9 Application of gold nanoparticles in drug uptake and induction of cell death on breast cancer
6.3.10 Gold nanoparticles in ophthalmology
6.4 Toxicity of copper nanoparticles
6.4.1 Rapid and selective detection of trace Cu2+ in sea water
6.4.2 Quaternized chitosan-stabilized copper sulfide nanoparticles for cancer therapy
6.4.3 Copper nanoparticles and osteoblast response
6.4.4 Copper nanoparticles and immune response in the liver of juvenile Takifugu fasciatus
6.4.5 Copper sulfide nanoparticles for T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging guided photothermal ca
6.4.6 Removal of Cu2+ from water and wastewaters
6.4.7 Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles on spring barley (Hordeum sativum distichum)
6.4.8 Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles to neotropical species
6.5 Toxicity of iron nanoparticles
6.5.1 Responses of flocculated activated sludge to bimetallic Ag-Fe nanoparticles toxicity
6.5.2 Biogenic magnetite nanoparticles for efficient removal of azo dyes and phenolic contaminants f
6.5.3 Functionalization of T lymphocytes for magnetically controlled immune therapy
6.6 Toxicity of zinc nanoparticles
6.6.1 Comparative toxicity of organic, inorganic, and nanoparticulate zinc
6.6.2 Nano zinc oxide hydrogels as wound healing materials
6.6.3 Evaluation of toxicity of phycocyanin-ZnO nanorod composites
6.6.4 DNA damages and offspring quality in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus sperms exposed to ZnO na
6.6.5 Reclaimable La: ZnO/PAN nanofiber catalyst for toxicological evaluation utilizing early life s
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
7 Recent advances in the study of toxicity of polymer-based nanomaterials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Recent advances in the study of toxicity of polymeric nanomaterials
7.2.1 Nanodiamonds: emerging face of future nanotechnology
7.2.2 Nanomaterials as versatile adsorbents for heavy metal ions in water
7.2.3 Toxicological responses of Chlorella autotrophica and Dunaliella salina to Ag and CeO2 nanopar
7.2.4 Nanoparticles as a solution for eliminating the risk of mycotoxins
7.2.5 Nanoparticles modulate membrane interactions of human Islet amyloid polypeptide
7.2.6 Self-assembled antimicrobial nanomaterials
7.2.7 Construction of dual-functional polymer nanomaterials with near-infrared fluorescence imaging
7.2.8 General overview of lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, spo
7.2.9 Nanomaterials for water cleaning and desalination, energy production, disinfection, agricultur
7.2.10 Nanomaterials as protein, peptide, and gene delivery agents
7.2.11 Development of cholate conjugated hybrid polymeric micelles for farnesoid X receptor receptor
7.2.12 Antibacterial properties of electrospun Ti3C2Tz (MXene)/chitosan nanofibers
7.2.13 Effects of surface charge of hyperbranched polymers on cytotoxicity, dynamic cellular uptake
7.2.14 Nanomaterials for skin care
7.2.15 Evaluation of the effects of polymeric chitosan/tripolyphosphate and solid lipid nanoparticle
7.2.16 Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity of S-nitroso-mercaptosuccinic acid-containing a
7.2.17 Polymeric nanomaterials as nanomembrane entities for biomolecule and drug delivery
7.2.18 Fabrication and application areas of mixed matrix flat-sheet
7.2.19 CO2-based amphiphilic polycarbonate micelles enable a reliable and efficient platform for tum
7.2.20 Electrospun polyacrylonitrile templated 2D nanofibrous mats: a platform toward practical appl
7.2.21 Nanomaterials for neurology: state-of-the-art
7.2.22 Effect of different nanomaterials on the metabolic activity and bacterial flora of activated
7.2.23 Fluorescent polymeric nanovehicles for neural stem cell modulation
7.2.24 Graphene oxide–enriched double network hydrogel with tunable physico-mechanical properties
7.2.25 Advances in nanobiomaterials for topical administrations: new galenic and cosmetic formulatio
7.2.26 Fluorescent polymer nanoparticles based on dyes: seeking brighter tools for bioimaging
7.2.27 Nanostructured materials functionalized with metal complexes: in search of alternatives for a
7.2.28 Sequestration of nanoparticles by an extracellular polymeric substance matrix reduces the par
7.2.29 In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of functional polyethylene glycol-PDMA block copolymer in li
7.2.30 Polyethylene glycolylated boron nitride nanotube-reinforced poly(propylene fumarate) nanocomp
7.2.31 Evaluation of potential acute cardiotoxicity of biodegradable nanocapsules in rats by intrave
7.2.32 A study of the catalytic ability of in situ prepared AgNPs-PMAA-PVP electrospun nanofibers
7.2.33 Caenorhabditis elegans as an alternative in vivo model to determine oral uptake, nanotoxicity
7.2.34 Evaluation of the effects of nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles on plants
7.2.35 Planktonic and biofilm-grown nitrogen-cycling bacteria exhibit different susceptibilities to
7.2.36 Inorganic nanocarriers for platinum drug delivery
7.2.37 Low-bandgap biophotonic nanoblend: a platform for systemic disease targeting and functional i
7.2.38 Unique roles of nanotechnology in medicine and cancer-II
7.2.39 Nanotechnology and vaccine development
7.2.40 Environmental interactions of geo-and bio-macromolecules with nanomaterials
7.3 Concluding remarks
References
8 Toxicity of polymeric nanomaterials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification of polymeric nanomaterials
8.2.1 Natural polymeric nanomaterials
8.2.1.1 Chitosan
8.2.1.2 Cellulose
8.2.1.3 Starch
8.2.1.4 Alginate
8.2.2 Biosynthesized polymeric nanomaterials
8.2.2.1 Poly β-hydroxybutyrate
8.2.2.2 Xanthan gum
8.2.2.3 Polylactic acid
8.2.2.4 Polysialic acid
8.2.3 Chemical-synthesized polymeric nanomaterials
8.2.3.1 Dendrimers
8.2.3.2 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
8.2.3.3 Polyethylenimines
8.2.3.4 Poly(l-lysine)
8.2.3.5 Dextran
8.2.3.6 Polymeric micelles
8.3 In vitro toxicity of polymeric nanomaterials
8.3.1 Chitosans
8.3.2 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
8.3.3 Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers
8.3.4 Polyethylenimines
8.3.5 Polystyrene
8.4 In vivo toxicity of polymeric nanomaterials
8.4.1 Respiratory system
8.4.2 Cardiovascular system
8.4.3 Neurological system
8.4.4 Immune system
8.4.5 Skin
8.4.6 Gastrointestinal system
8.4.7 Reproduction and development
8.5 Mechanisms of polymeric nanomaterials-induced toxicity
8.5.1 Physicochemical mechanisms of polymeric nanomaterials-induced toxicity
8.5.1.1 Size
8.5.1.2 Charge
8.5.1.3 Shape
8.5.1.4 Surface chemistry
8.5.2 Biochemical mechanisms of polymeric nanomaterials-induced toxicity
8.5.2.1 Apoptosis and necrosis
8.5.2.2 Ferroptosis
8.5.2.3 Autophagy
8.5.2.4 Pyroptosis
8.5.2.5 Cell cycle arrest
8.5.2.6 Oxidative stress
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
3 Prevention of nanotoxicity
9 General methods for detection and evaluation of nanotoxicity
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General nanotoxicity methods
9.3 Mechanism of antibacterial activities
9.4 Methods for detection and evaluation of nanotoxicity
9.4.1 Plate counting, colony counting, or colony forming efficiency assay
9.4.2 Disk diffusion test: zone of inhibition
9.4.3 Gradient method (Etest)
9.4.4 Optical density
9.4.5 Dilution methods
9.4.6 Broth dilution
9.4.7 Time-kill test (time-kill curve)
9.4.8 Adenosine triphosphate cell viability assay
9.4.9 Reactive oxygen species
9.4.10 Lipid peroxidation measurement
9.4.11 Omics methods: transcriptomic, metabolomics, genomics, and proteomic profiles
9.4.12 Microscope
9.4.12.1 Fluorescence microscope
9.4.12.2 Flow cytometry
9.4.12.3 Electron microscopy
9.4.13 Other methods
9.5 Conclusion and outlooks
Acknowledgment
References
10 Safer-by-design for nanomaterials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hazard and release reduction for engineered nanomaterials in production and products
10.3 Reducing releases to the environment from nanomaterial production and processing facilities
10.4 Safer-by-design hazard reduction of engineered inorganic and carbonaceous nanomaterials for org
10.4.1 Evaluating safer-by-design regarding inorganic and carbonaceous nanoparticles
10.4.2 Safer-by-design strategies to reduce (aspects of) nanomaterial hazards
10.5 Reducing releases to the environment of nanomaterials from relatively large nanocomposites and
10.5.1 Safer-by-design for relatively large nanocomposites: reduction of nanomaterial releases
10.5.1.1 Nanomaterials in relatively large nanocomposites
10.5.1.2 Functional releases from and unintended releases of nanomaterials from relatively large nan
10.5.1.3 Releases from relatively large nanocomposites during their use stage and strategies to redu
10.5.1.4 Releases from relatively large nanocomposites to the environment after the use stage
10.5.2 Controlling releases from nanomaterials present as components in products
10.6 Reducing hazards of fragments released from nanocomposites
10.7 Conclusions
References
4 Antibacterial activity of nanomaterials
11 Antibacterial activity of metal oxide nanoparticles
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Effective physicochemical properties of MO-NPs on antibacterial activity
11.2.1 Chemical composition of metal oxide nanoparticles
11.2.2 Particle size and surfaces properties of metal oxide nanoparticles
11.2.3 Concentration of metal oxide nanoparticles
11.2.4 The shape-dependent antimicrobial properties of metal oxide nanoparticles
11.2.5 Solubility of metal oxide nanoparticles
11.2.6 The generation of reactive oxygen species
11.2.7 Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity metal oxide nanoparticles
11.3 Antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide and calcium oxide nanoparticles
11.4 Antibacterial activity of aluminum oxide nanoparticles
11.5 Antibacterial activity of silver oxide nanoparticles
11.6 Antibacterial activity of copper oxide nanoparticles
11.7 Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles
11.8 Antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles
11.9 Antibacterial activity of titanium oxide nanoparticles
Acknowledgements
References
12 Antibacterial activity of platinum nanoparticles
12.1 Platinum nanoparticles
12.2 Antibacterial activity
12.3 Antibiotics and antimicrobial compounds
12.4 Determination of the microbial activity
12.5 Recent trends in the antibacterial activity of platinum nanoparticles
References
13 Antibacterial property of metal oxide-based nanomaterials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Mechanism of antimicrobial resistance
13.3 Methods to evaluate MO-NPs antibacterial efficiency
13.3.1 In vitro methods for antimicrobial evaluation of nanoparticles-based metal oxide
13.3.2 Regulatory testing
13.3.3 Antimicrobial activity tests
13.4 Antimicrobial effect of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
13.5 Mode of antimicrobial action by metal and metal oxides nanoparticles
13.5.1 Formation of reactive oxygen species
13.5.2 Damage to the cell-wall membrane due to electrostatic interaction and accumulation
13.5.3 Loss of homeostasis by metal ions
13.5.4 Dysfunction of proteins and enzymes-binding to cytosolic proteins
13.5.5 Inhibition of the transduction signal
13.5.6 Interactions with phospholipid bilayer
13.6 Nanoparticle characteristics and their influence on antimicrobial activity
13.6.1 Size and shape
13.6.2 Surface and zeta potential
13.6.3 Chemical doping
13.7 Metal oxide-based antibacterial membrane
13.8 Antibacterial functions of multi-metal oxide nanoparticles
13.9 Magnetic bio-metal oxide-magnetosome
13.10 Toxicity concerns of MO-NPs as antimicrobial agents
13.11 Conclusions, challenges, and future perspectives
References
14 Antimicrobial properties of carbon quantum dots
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Antibacterial properties of carbon nanodots
14.2.1 Non-functionalized carbon nanodots with inherent antibacterial properties
14.2.2 Functionalized carbon nanodots with inherent antibacterial properties
14.2.3 Nonfunctionalized carbon nanodots exhibiting antibacterial properties after irradiation
14.2.4 Functionalized carbon nanodots exhibiting antibacterial properties after irradiation
14.3 Conclusion
References
5 Emerging antibacterial and antifungal applications
15 Applications of nanotechnology in agry-food productions
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanoencapsulation techniques applied to food and agriculture
15.2.1 Nanoencapsulation for food applications
15.2.2 Nanoencapsulation for agriculture applications
15.3 Nanosensors in food and agriculture
15.4 Nanotechnology applied to environmental remediation
15.5 Manufacture of protective clothes for farm workers
15.6 Conclusion and outlooks
References
Further reading
16 Nanoparticle applications in sustainable agriculture, poultry, and food: trends and perspective
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanoparticle applications in agriculture
16.2.1 Seed germination and growth
16.2.2 Plant protection and production
16.2.2.1 Nanopesticides
16.2.2.2 Nanofungicides
16.2.2.3 Nanoherbicides
16.2.2.4 Nanofertilizers
16.2.2.5 Nutrient management
16.3 Nanoparticle applications in poultry
16.4 Nanoparticle applications in food
16.5 Nano-biosensors sustainable agriculture, poultry, and food
16.6 Regulatory aspects of nanotechnology in agriculture, poultry, and food
16.6.1 Regulatory aspects of nanomaterials in agriculture/food/poultry feed in the European Union
16.6.2 Risk management of pesticides
16.6.3 Risk assessment of food and feed
16.6.4 Regulatory aspects of nanomaterials in agriculture/food/poultry feed in non-European Union co
16.7 Conclusion and future perspectives
Conflicts of interest
References
17 Antibacterial nanocomposite coatings
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Inorganic nanocomposite coating
17.3 Organic nanocomposite coating
17.4 Environmental benefits and impacts of antibacterial nanocomposite coatings
References
18 Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Significance of nanotechnology
18.3 Antibacterial metal oxides and metal nanoparticles
18.3.1 Copper nanoparticles
18.3.2 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
18.3.3 Silver nanoparticles
18.3.4 Silica nanoparticles
18.3.5 Cerium nanoparticles
18.3.6 Nickel and magnesium nanoparticles
18.3.7 Carbon-based nanomaterials
18.3.7.1 Carbon nanotube
18.4 Mechanisms for nanoparticle-mediated microbial disinfection
18.5 Advanced technologies for nanoparticle-based water disinfection
18.5.1 Membrane-based nanotechnology for microbial water disinfection
18.5.2 Nanoparticle embedded column induced microbial disinfection
18.5.3 Phtocatalysis-based microbial destruction disinfection
18.5.3.1 Titanium oxide nanoparticles
18.5.3.2 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
18.5.4 Carbon nanotubes
18.5.5 Magnetic nanoparticles
18.5.6 Nano-zero valent iron
18.6 Some commercialized products and their information
18.7 Current status of technology transfer, scale up, and challenges
Acknowledgment
References
19 Nanomaterials for antifungal applications
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Oils having antifungal properties
19.1.2 Rosemary having antifungal properties
19.1.3 Best medicine for antifungal
19.1.4 Side effects of antifungal creams
19.1.5 Antifungal properties of olive oil
19.1.6 Natural treatments for fungal infections, such as ringworm
19.1.7 Antifungal properties of coconut oil
19.1.8 Antifungal nature of honey
19.1.9 Killing of fungus by antifungals
19.1.10 Killing of fungus by baking soda
19.1.11 Antifungal nature of onion
19.1.12 Antifungal activity and mode of action of silver nanoparticles on Candida albicans
19.2 Recent trends in the study of antifungal activities of nanoparticles
19.2.1 Biological activity of disulfide- and triazole-linked peptides
19.2.2 Attractive properties nanodiamonds
19.2.3 Nano-based antifungals mediated by biomolecule coronas
19.2.4 Gray mold of table grapes controlled by eco-friendly nanomaterials
19.2.5 Rapid killing of microbes by polymer-silver nanocomposites
19.2.6 Antimicrobial activity of essential oil components
19.2.7 Utility of noble metal-based nanoparticles in medicine and pharmacology
19.2.8 Antimicrobial activity of cellulose acetate—essential oil nanocapsules
19.2.9 Use of nanoparticles in veterinary medicine
19.2.10 Use of propolis in animal nutrition and animal health
19.2.11 Toxicological studies of surfactant-functionalized praseodymium oxide nanoparticles
19.2.12 Antifungal mechanisms for chemical fungicides, biological agents, and nanoparticles
19.2.13 Biomedical applications of selenium nanomaterials
19.2.14 Ag(I) ions monitored by fluorescent probe
19.2.15 Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and DNA-binding studies of carbon dots
19.2.16 Synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles, chitosan, and fungicide zineb
19.2.17 ZnO-based nanoplatforms in drug delivery and theranostic
19.2.18 Antimicrobial activity gold nanoparticles
19.2.19 Toxicity of zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
19.2.20 Applications of fungi-assisted silver nanoparticle
19.2.21 Antibacterial, antiviral, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activity mechanism of AgNPs
19.2.22 Antifungal activity of zinc oxide produced by green synthesis
19.2.23 Controlling growth of plant-pathogenic fungi by metallic nanoparticles
19.2.24 Ag2O nanostructures with strontium for structural changes in DNA
19.2.25 Antimicrobial applications of nanoparticles of inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials
References
20 Antibacterial nanocoatings
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Novel and smart antibacterial nanocoating approaches
20.3 Applications of antibacterial nanocoatings
20.3.1 Marine systems
20.3.2 Medical and healthcare related applications
20.3.3 Construction
20.3.4 Food and packaging
20.3.5 Textile
20.4 Safety and toxicological issues
20.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
21 Emerging antibacterial and antifungal applications of nanomaterials on food products
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Organic nanomaterial applications
21.2.1 Nanofibers
21.2.1.1 Electrospun nanofibers
21.2.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
21.2.2.1 Polymeric nanoparticles as Pickering emulsions
21.2.2.2 Application of polymeric nanoparticles in functional coatings and films
21.2.2.3 Electrosprayed nanoparticles
21.2.3 Nanoemulsions
21.2.4 Solid lipid nanoparticles
21.2.5 Nanoliposomes
21.2.6 Cyclodextrins/molecular inclusions
21.2.6.1 Cyclodextrins-based nanosponges
21.2.7 Contact surface
21.3 Inorganic Nanomaterial Applications
21.3.1 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
21.3.1.1 Food packaging applications of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
21.4 Conclusion

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