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• ISBN 13:9780128143353

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 The Sun as a Guide to Stellar Physics
The Sun as a Guide to Stellar Physics illustrates the significance of the Sun in understanding stars through an
examination of the discoveries and insights gained from solar physics research. Ranging from theories to modeling
and from numerical simulations to instrumentation and data processing, the book provides an overview of what
we currently understand and how the Sun can be a model for gaining further knowledge about stellar physics.
Providing both updates on recent developments in solar physics and applications to stellar physics, this book
strengthens the solar–stellar connection and summarizes what we know about the Sun for the stellar, space, and
geophysics communities.
Applies observations, theoretical understanding, modeling capabilities and physical processes first revealed by the sun to the study of stellar physics
Illustrates how studies of Proxima Solaris have led to progress in space science, stellar physics and related fields
Uses characteristics of solar phenomena as a guide for understanding the physics of stars

The Sun as a Guide to Stellar Physics 1st Table of contents:

 List of Contributors
Preface
1 – Discoveries and Concepts: The Sun’s Role in Astrophysics
1. THE SOLAR CONSTANT
2. THE SUN’S CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
2.1 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS
2.2 MODELING OF THE SUN’S ATMOSPHERE
2.3 SETTLING OF LIGHT ELEMENTS
3. INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND HELIOSEISMOLOGY
3.1 DETECTION OF OSCILLATORY PATTERN
3.2 INTERPRETATION OF SOLAR OSCILLATIONS
4. THE MAGNETIC SUN AND ITS VARIABILITY
4.1 SOLAR CYCLE
4.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS
4.3 INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND LOCATION OF THE MAGNETIC DYNAMO
5. THE SOLAR CORONA AND WIND
5.1 THE TEMPERATURE OF THE CORONA
5.2 THE SHAPE OF THE CORONA
5.3 THE SOLAR WIND
6. EARTH–SUN CONNECTION
6.1 AURORA AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS
6.2 THE CARRINGTON EVENT
6.3 SOLAR FLARES, X-RAYS AND ENERGETIC PARTICLES
6.4 RECONNECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS
6.5 CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS
7. TESTING TWO CONCEPTS
7.1 NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS IN THE SUN
7.2 TESTING GENERAL RELATIVITY
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
2 – Stellar and Solar Chromospheres and Attendant Phenomena
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHY CHROMOSPHERES EXIST
2.1 STELLAR CONVECTION ZONES
2.2 THE SOLAR CHROMOSPHERE
2.3 STELLAR CHROMOSPHERES
2.4 WHY ARE CHROMOSPHERES SO THICK?
2.5 THE WILSON–BAPPU EFFECT
3. THE ROTATION–AGE–ACTIVITY CONNECTION
3.1 BACKGROUND
3.2 POST–SKUMANICH LAW INSIGHTS INTO THE ROTATION–AGE–ACTIVITY CONNECTION
3.3 THEORY BEHIND THE SKUMANICH LAW
4. STELLAR ACTIVITY CYCLES
REFERENCES
3 – The Sun’s Atmosphere
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBSERVATIONS OF THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE
3. THE SOLAR SPECTRUM
4. PHYSICS OF THE PHOTOSPHERE/CHROMOSPHERE
4.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS
4.2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS
5. PHYSICS OF THE CHROMOSPHERE/CORONA
5.1 CORONAL EMISSION AND MAGNETIC STRUCTURE
5.2 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE ENERGETICS
5.3 HEATING PROCESSES AND MODERN MODELS
5.4 CONNECTION TO THE LOW ATMOSPHERE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
4 – Helioseismic Inferences on the Internal Structure and Dynamics of the Sun
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 EQUATIONS GOVERNING SOLAR OSCILLATIONS
2.2 PROPERTIES OF SOLAR OSCILLATIONS
2.3 RELATING FREQUENCY CHANGES TO CHANGES IN STRUCTURE
2.4 EFFECTS OF ROTATION
2.5 INVERSIONS
3. INFERENCES ABOUT SOLAR STRUCTURE
3.1 BASIC RESULTS
3.2 BASE OF THE SOLAR CONVECTION ZONE
3.3 THE QUESTION OF DIFFUSION
3.4 CONVECTION ZONE HELIUM ABUNDANCE
3.5 THE ISSUE OF SOLAR COMPOSITION
4. INFERENCES ON SOLAR DYNAMICS
4.1 PROPERTIES OF THE TACHOCLINE
5. HELIOSEISMIC INFERENCES ON THE SOLAR CYCLE
5.1 CHANGES TO GLOBAL-MODE FREQUENCIES AND MODE PARAMETERS
5.2 ZONAL FLOWS
5.3 MERIDIONAL FLOWS
5.4 THE 1.3-YEAR PERIODICITIES NEAR THE TACHOCLINE
5.5 CHANGES IN EVEN-ORDER A COEFFICIENTS
6. SEISMIC STUDIES OF OTHER STARS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5 – Atmospheric structure, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Magnetism
5.1 – Spectroscopy and Atomic Physics
1. OVERVIEW
2. REGIMES OF SOLAR PLASMAS
3. ORIGIN AND TYPES OF ATOMIC TRANSITIONS
4. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
5. SPECTRUM FORMATION IN A NUTSHELL
5.1 OPTICALLY THICK FORMATION
5.2 OPTICALLY THIN FORMATION
5.3 NON–LOCAL THERMODYNAMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND FURTHER COMPLICATIONS
6. PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY
7. CLOSING REMARKS
REFERENCES
5.2 – Models of Solar and Stellar Atmospheres
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RADIATIVE TRANSFER
3. TWO-LEVEL ATOM
3.1 PARTIALLY COHERENT SCATTERING OF LINE PHOTONS
3.2 TWO-LEVEL LINE SOURCE FUNCTION
3.3 SOLUTION OF THE TWO-LEVEL ATOM PROBLEM
3.4 RADIATIVE HEATING AND COOLING
4. CLASSICAL STATIC ATMOSPHERES
4.1 BASIC EQUATIONS OF STANDARD MODEL ATMOSPHERES
4.2 MODEL EXAMPLE
5. SEMIEMPIRICAL MODELS
6. ISOLATED ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURES
7. SPECTRAL LINE SYNTHESIS
8. RADIATION HYDRODYNAMICS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5.3 – Spectropolarimetry and Magnetic Structures
1. POLARIZATION OF LIGHT AND PHYSICAL DIAGNOSTICS WITH SPECTROPOLARIMETRY
2. SPECTROPOLARIMETER
3. SUNSPOTS AND ACTIVE REGIONS
4. UBIQUITOUS MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE QUIET REGION PHOTOSPHERE
5. MAGNETIC FIELDS IN THE CHROMOSPHERE
6. PROMINENCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
6 – Coronal Magnetism as a Universal Phenomenon
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE HYDROMAGNETIC CORONA
3. CORONAL PHENOMENOLOGY
3.1 PHOTOSPHERE, CHROMOSPHERE, CORONA, AND SOLAR WIND
3.2 CORONAL POLARITY REVERSAL: THE PHYSICAL PROBLEM
3.3 THE CORONA ON FEBRUARY 26, 1998
3.4 CORONAL POLARITY REVERSAL AND NATURE OF CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS
3.4.1 The Magnetic Hemispherical Rule and Its Dynamo Origin
3.4.2 Coronal Outward Transport of Flux and Twist by Coronal Mass Ejections
4. THE RM ≫ 1, β ≪ 1 TURBULENT FLUID
4.1 PARKER MAGNETOSTATIC THEOREM
4.2 MAGNETIC HELICITY CONSERVATION AND ACCUMULATION
5. OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS AND ASTROPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
7 – Magnetohydrodynamics and Solar Dynamo Action
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
2.1 VALIDITY OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
2.2 THE MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS EQUATIONS
2.3 INDUCTION EQUATION
2.3.1 Limits Rm≪1 and Rm≫1
2.4 EQUATION OF MOTION
2.5 EQUILIBRIA
2.6 WAVES
2.7 MAGNETIC RECONNECTION
2.7.1 Two-Dimensional Reconnection
2.7.2 Three-Dimensional Reconnection
3. DYNAMO THEORY
3.1 INTRODUCTION: SOLAR OBSERVATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
3.1.1 Some Constraints From Solar Observations
3.1.2 Terminology and Physical Ideas
3.2 A HISTORY OF DYNAMO IDEAS
3.3 EARLY TURBULENT DYNAMOS
3.3.1 Parker’s (1955) Model
3.3.2 Mean-Field Magnetohydrodynamics Theory
3.4 FLUX-TRANSPORT DYNAMOS
3.5 TACHOCLINE DYNAMOS
3.5.1 Overshoot Dynamo
3.5.2 Interface Dynamo (Parker, 1993)
3.6 GLOBAL COMPUTATIONS
3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
8 – Solar and Stellar Variability
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MAGNETIC ACTIVITY OF THE SUN AND STARS
2.1 SOLAR MAGNETIC ACTIVITY
2.1.1 Large Scale
2.1.2 Small Scale
2.2 MAGNETIC ACTIVITY OF COOL STARS
2.2.1 Observational Methods
2.2.1.1 Proxies of Chromospheric and Coronal Activity
2.2.1.2 Light Curves
2.2.1.3 Zeeman Doppler Imaging
2.2.1.4 Interferometric Images
2.2.2 Relations Among Activity, Rotation, and Rossby Number
2.2.3 Relation Between Rotation Period and Age
2.2.4 Relation Between Activity and Age
2.2.5 Activity of Solar Analogues
3. IRRADIANCE VARIATIONS
3.1 SOLAR IRRADIANCE VARIABILITY
3.2 SOLAR IRRADIANCE RECONSTRUCTION
3.3 STELLAR IRRADIANCE VARIABILITY
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
9 – High-Energy Solar Physics
1. INTRODUCTION
2. NONEQUILIBRIUM PLASMAS
2.1 PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS
2.2 PARTICLE ACCELERATION
2.3 MAGNETIC RECONNECTION
3. OVERVIEW OF OBSERVATIONS
3.1 THE LOWER SOLAR ATMOSPHERE
3.2 CORONAL HARD X-RAY SOURCES
3.3 RADIOPHYSICS
3.3.1 Meter Waves
3.3.2 Microwaves
3.3.3 Millimeter Waves
3.4 GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS
3.4.1 Prompt γ-Ray Emission
3.4.2 “Sustained” γ-Ray Events
3.4.3 Galactic Cosmic-Ray Effects
3.5 NEUTRAL AND RELATIVISTIC PARTICLES
3.6 SUMMARY
4. SOLAR AND STELLAR “SUPERFLARES”
5. ADDITIONAL TOPICS
5.1 CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS, SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES, AND FLARES
5.2 FLARES, MICROFLARES, AND NANOFLARES
6. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
10 – Space Weather at Earth and in Our Solar System
1. SPACE WEATHER: A SHORT HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
2. SOLAR ERUPTIONS AND PROPAGATION
2.1 CORONAL OBSERVATIONS
2.2 OBSERVATIONS OF CORONAL MASS EJECTION HELIOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
2.3 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
2.4 ACCELERATION AND TRANSPORT OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES
3. IMPACT AT EARTH
3.1 GEOMAGNETIC STORMS AND SUBSTORMS
3.2 MAGNETOPAUSE AND RADIATION BELTS
3.3 EFFECTS OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES
4. IMPACT AT OTHER PLANETS AND THROUGHOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM
4.1 MERCURY
4.2 VENUS AND MARS
4.3 JUPITER AND SATURN
4.4 OUTER HELIOSPHERE
5. STAR–PLANET INTERACTION: SPACE WEATHER IN EXOPLANETARY SYSTEMS AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
11 – The Solar–Stellar Connection
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PHOTOMETRY AND STARSPOTS
3. ACTIVITY CYCLES
4. CHROMOSPHERIC AND TRANSITION REGION DIAGNOSTICS
5. CORONAL DIAGNOSTICS
6. FLARES AND MASS LOSS
7. ROTATION–ACTIVITY–AGE RELATIONS
8. FINAL THOUGHTS
REFERENCES
12 – Instrumentation
12.1 Observations of the Sun From Space
1. INTRODUCTION, BRIEF HISTORY, AND CURRENT STATUS
2. WHAT ARE THE CRITICAL QUESTIONS FOR SOLAR AND HELIOSPHERIC PHYSICS?
2.1 THE BEGINNING OF EXPLORING THE SUN FROM SPACE: 1946 THROUGH 1964
3. THE EARLY YEARS OF SATELLITE EXPLORATIONS OF THE SUN: 1964 THROUGH 1970
4. ENHANCED COORDINATION ON THE GROUND AND IN SPACE (1970 TO 1980) IN THE PRE-SHUTTLE ERA
5. 1980 TO 2010: THE ERA OF HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING
6. WHAT IS THE STATUS OF THE QUESTIONS OF 1896 AND 1962?
7. COMING SOON
REFERENCES
12.2 – High-Resolution Ground-Based Observations of the Sun
1. INTRODUCTION
2. STRATEGIES AND CONDITIONS
2.1 PREFERRED TYPES OF OBSERVATORY SITES
2.2 OPTICAL AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
2.3 SEEING CORRECTION TECHNIQUES
2.3.1 Adaptive Optics
2.3.2 Deformable Mirrors
2.3.3 Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics
2.3.4 Multiobject Multiframe Blind Deconvolution
3. OBSERVATIONS WITH MODERN SOLAR FACILITIES
3.1 SWEDISH 1-METER SOLAR TELESCOPE
3.2 PHILLIP R. GOODE SOLAR TELESCOPE
3.3 THE GERMAN VACUUM TOWER TELESCOPE AND GREGOR AT TEIDE OBSERVATORY IN THE CANARY ISLANDS
3.4 NEW VACUUM SOLAR TELESCOPE
3.5 FRENCH THEMIS TELESCOPE AT TEIDE OBSERVATORY
3.6 INTERFEROMETRIC ATACAMA LARGE-MILLIMETER/SUBMILLIMETER ARRAY
4. OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE
4.1 DANIEL K. INOUYE SOLAR TELESCOPE
4.2 EUROPEAN SOLAR TELESCOPE
4.3 PLANS FOR 8-METER TELESCOPES
4.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
5. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
13 – Solar Data and Simulations
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SOLAR DATA
3. TRANSFORMATION AND PROVENANCE
4. SEARCH AND DISCOVERY
5. DATA FUSION AND ANALYSIS
6. SOLAR SIMULATIONS
7. EARLY SIMULATIONS
8. SHIFT TOWARD SOLAR SIMILITUDE
9. FUTURE OF DATA AND SIMULATION
REFERENCES
14 – Challenges and Prospects for the Future
1. HELIOSEISMOLOGY
2. SOLAR DYNAMO
3. MAGNETIC ACTIVITY AND MONOMIALS
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND MODELING
5. MAGNETIC FIELDS AND MAGNETOGRAPHY
6. REQUIRED SPATIAL RESOLUTION
7. NANOFLARE HEATING AND PARKER’S MODEL
8. MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC MODELING
9. FLARES
10. LONG-TERM ACTIVITY
11. INSTRUMENTATION: WHAT DO WE NEED?
12. THE ISSUE OF DATA VOLUME AND MINING
REFERENCES
Author Index

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