Antarctica What Everyone Needs to Know 1st edition by David Day 0190641347 9780190641344

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ISBN-10 :  0190641347 

ISBN-13 :  9780190641344

Author : David Day 

In this addition to the What Everyone Needs to Know® series, David Day examines the most forbidding and formidably inaccessible continent on Earth. For over a century following its discovery by European explorers in 1820, Antarctica played host to competing claims by rival nations vying for access to the frozen land’s vast marine resources — namely the skins and oils of seals and whales. Though the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 was meant to end this contention, countries have found other means of extending control over the land, with scientific bases establishing at least symbolic claims. Exploration and drilling by the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Japan, and others has led to discoveries about the world’s climate in centuries past — and in the process intimations of its alarming future.Delving into all the relevant issues — the history of the continent, its wildlife, underwater mountain ranges, arguments over governance, and the continent’s effect on global climate change — Day’s work sheds new light on a territory that, despite being the coldest, driest, and windiest continent in the world, will continue to be the object of intense speculation and competition. With new evidence that Antarctica’s ice is melting three times faster than it was a decade ago, the need to understand the world’s southernmost region has never been more pressing.

 Antarctica: What Everyone Needs to Know 1st Table of contents:

1 First Contact
How did Antarctica become the desolate, ice-cloaked continent we know today?
How was Antarctica depicted prior to its discovery?
Why did nations aspire to discover the South Pole?
Who first discovered Antarctica?
Why is the debate as to who discovered Antarctica still relevant?
Who was the first to actually step out onto the Antarctic continent?
How did the earliest explorers react to Antarctica?
What was the nature of the Southern Ocean sealing trade?
Why were the early sealers unable or unwilling to create a sustainable industry?
What was the connection between sealing and territorial aspirations?
Why was the continent itself left largely untouched and unexplored for so long?
Why did it take so long for whaling to begin in earnest in Antarctica?
How did people come to believe the Hollow Earth theory?
Why did the pace of exploration accelerate in the 1830s?
What scientific questions did these early explorers answer?
Why was the burst of exploration activity in the 1840s followed by half a century of relative disinterest?
2 The Race for Antarctica in the Twentieth Century
What caused a boom in Antarctic whaling in the late nineteenth century?
How did the British and Norwegians come to dominate Antarctic whaling?
Why did the Antarctic begin to take on a strategic significance during the early part of the twentieth century?
Why did the increased whaling activity lead to renewed interest in Antarctic exploration?
What other natural resources were regarded as being of potential value?
What drove explorers to the Antarctic during the early part of the twentieth century?
Why did the public become so captivated by the feats of the Antarctic explorers?
Why did Roald Amundsen succeed where others failed?
Although Amundsen beat Scott to the South Pole, why did Scott nevertheless emerge as the immortal Antarctic hero?
Who were the other Antarctic explorers of the heroic age and why have they been largely lost to history?
How did the use of aircraft change the equation?
When did people know beyond doubt that Antarctica was a single continent rather than two or more large islands?
3 Imperial Rivalry
How did nations justify their claim to territories they were not occupying?
What were the effects of Richard Byrd’s flights?
What was Britain’s claim?
How did other nations react to the British claim?
What was the so-called sector principle and how did it affect territorial claims?
How did the use of aircraft affect the claiming of territory?
How did the United States come to dominate Antarctic exploration during the interwar period?
Why was there a resurgence in the hunting of whales during the interwar period?
Why were nations unable to agree on a sustainable way of harvesting whales?
4 War on the Ice
Why did Nazi Germany send an expedition to Antarctica?
What was the reasoning behind the United States Antarctic Service Expedition of 1939?
How was the idea of applying the Monroe Doctrine to Antarctica received by other nations?
How was the historical record of exploration used to buttress territorial claims?
What was Operation Highjump?
What were the effects of Operation Highjump?
What was Operation Tabarin and its consequences?
How serious was the risk of armed conflict in Antarctica at the start of the Cold War?
How were conflicts over place names resolved?
What part did uranium play in the drive to seize and occupy Antarctica?
How did the Cold War continue to play out in the Antarctic?
5 Science and Discovery
What role has science played in the discovery and fate of the Antarctic?
When did scientists realize Antarctica was once part of a much larger continent?
Is all of Antarctica snow-covered?
Why have permanent bases been so hard to establish?
How was the hole in the ozone level over Antarctica discovered?
What surprising discoveries did scientists find beneath the ice cap?
What impact did the advent of satellites have on Antarctic science?
6 Commercial Activity in Postwar Antarctica
Why did postwar whaling peter out so quickly?
Why did Japan resume whaling in Antarctica and why was the world unable to stop it from doing so?
What is krill and why did nations expect to benefit from harvesting it?
How vulnerable is the krill fishery to overfishing?
Why did the investigation of oil reserves take so long to initiate?
What has prevented the exploitation of Antarctica’s offshore reserves of oil?
How valuable is the Antarctic fishery and how can the world hope to regulate it?
7 The Antarctic Treaty of 1959
Why were the Russians and other claimants suddenly prepared in the late 1950s to reach agreement on the governance of Antarctica?
How did the Antarctic Treaty come about and what were its main provisions?
Has the Antarctic Treaty system ever been seriously challenged?
Although the treaty is a success, why did the proposed mining convention fail?
How have nations continued to establish and reinforce their territorial claims?
How open is the Antarctic to tourism and adventurers?
How have nonstate actors used the Antarctic Treaty to assert their own claims?
How successful has the Antarctic Treaty been?
Does anyone still see a strategic value in trying to exercise sovereignty in the Antarctic?
8 Global Warming
How vulnerable to climate change are Antarctica’s fauna?
How fast is the ice cap melting and what effect is it having on the sea level?
Why is global warming affecting parts of the continent in dramatically different ways?
How is climate change affecting Antarctica’s ecology?
How will the changes in the Southern Ocean affect the Antarctic ecosystem?
9 The Future of Antarctica
What agreements are in place for the protection of Antarctic marine life?
Does mass tourism pose a threat to Antarctica?
In what ways has the popular view of Antarctica changed in recent times?
Does anything about Antarctica remain to be discovered?
Will the Antarctic remain in a relatively pristine state?
Will the Antarctic Treaty and its associated agreements continue to govern human activity in Antarctica?
Can we stop Antarctica from melting?
Will the Antarctic ice cap ever melt completely?

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