Benzel’s Spine Surgery 2 Volume Set Techniques Complication Avoidance and Management 5th Edition by Michael Steinmetz 0323636691 9780323636698

Benzel’s Spine Surgery, 2-Volume Set: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management 5th Edition by Michael P Steinmetz Md  – Ebook PDF Instant Download/DeliveryISBN: 0323636691, 9780323636698

Full download Benzel’s Spine Surgery, 2-Volume Set: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management 5th Edition after payment.

 

 

Product details:

ISBN-10 :  0323636691 

ISBN-13 :  9780323636698

Author : Michael P Steinmetz Md 

Written and edited by world-renowned experts in the field, Benzel’s Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management, 5th Edition, provides expert, step-by-step guidance on the evaluation and management of disorders of the spine. This definitive, two-volume work explores the full spectrum of techniques used in spine surgery, giving you the tools you need to hone your skills and increase your knowledge in this challenging area. Clearly organized and extensively revised throughout, it features contributions from both neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons to present a truly comprehensive approach to spine disease.

 

Benzel’s Spine Surgery, 2-Volume Set: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management 5th Table of contents:

Volume 1

Part 1. Fundamentals of the Spine

1. History of Spine Surgery

Antique Period and Spine Surgery

Medieval Period and Spine Surgery

Renaissance and Spine Surgery

Early Modern Period and Spine Surgery

Approaches to the Spine

Spinal Stabilization and Deformity Correction

Birth and Development of Spinal Fusion and Spinal Instrumentation

Paul Harrington and the Birth of Modern Surgical Stabilization

Ventral Approaches to the Spine

Laminoplasty

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Robotics, and Navigation

Spine Imaging

Summary

2. History of Spine Biomechanics

Preclassical Antiquity

Classical Antiquity

Middle Ages (330–1453 ce)

The Renaissance and the Premodern Era

Emergence of Modern Biomechanics in the 20th Century

In vivo Human Biomechanical Studies

3. History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era

The Harrington Rod Area

The Birth of Segmental Spinal Fixation

The Comeback of Hook-Rod Systems and the Rod Rotation Revolution

Pedicle Screws

Development of Dynamic Stabilization Systems

Interspinous Devices

Ventral Thoracolumbar Instrumentation

Dorsal Cervical Instrumentation

Ventral Cervical Instrumentation

Development of Dynamic Systems for Anterior Cervical Instrumentation

Total Disc Arthroplasty: Cervical and Lumbar

Cage Technology: Horizontal and Vertical

Minimally Invasive Approaches Using Instrumentation

Image Guidance and Robotics

Summary

4. Functional Anatomy of the Spine

Spinal Curvature

Vertebra

Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)

Subaxial Cervical Vertebrae (C3‒C7)

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum and Coccyx

Intervertebral Discs

Spinal Ligaments

Spinal Musculature

Spinal Cord

5. Biomechanical Modeling of the Spine

Three-Dimensional Morphofunctional Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Asymptomatic and Scoliotic Spine

Biomechanics of Deformity Correction

Computational Biomechanical Modeling of the Spine

Applications of Biomechanical Models of the Spine

Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification

Conclusion

6. The Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Aging

Anatomy

Vascular Supply

Innervation

Physiology

Disc Nutrition

Biomechanics

Aging

Extracellular Matrix Changes

Structural and Functional Changes

Summary

7. Muscles and the Spine: Dynamic Stabilization

General Concepts and Controversies

Anatomic Considerations

Microanatomy

Functional-Postural Considerations

Conclusion

8. Bone Physiology and Osteoporosis

Bone Structure and Function

Bone Density, Quality, and Strength

Pathological Conditions

Epidemiology of Osteoporosis

Assessment of Bone Status

Bone Health in Spine Patients

Conclusion

9. Applied Anatomy of the Thoracolumbar Spine

Spinal Alignment

Vertebrae and Ligaments

Neural Anatomy

Intradural Roots and the Cauda Equina

Vascular Anatomy

Anatomic Variation and Surgical Localization

10. Fundamentals of Spinal Alignment and Balance

Introduction and History

The Concept of the Spinal Organ and the Chain of Balance

The Importance of Pelvic Anatomy and its Parameters Upon Spine Alignment

Consequences

Practical Applications for Spinal Evaluation and Surgery

11. Applied Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

Functional Spinal Segment

Functional Anatomy of the Gray Matter

Functional Anatomy of the White Matter

Spinal Cord Control of Visceral Organs

Conclusion

12. Molecular and Anatomic Mechanisms of Nerve Root, Spinal Nerve, and Peripheral Nerve Injury

Cellular and Molecular Biology: Brief Review

Oligodendrocytes

Schwann Cells

Motor Exit Point Glia

Transition From Dura to Perineurium

Apoptosis

Necrosis

Anatomic Considerations and Mechanisms of Injury

Spinal Anatomy: Brief Review

Central Canal

Lateral Recess

Pedicles

Neural Foramen

Neural Structures

Dorsal Root Ganglion: Marking the Transition

Nerve Compression

Nerve Injury and Operative Implications

Iatrogenic Injury

Stretch Injuries

Double Crush Phenomenon

Familial Propensity to Compressive Neuropathy

Molecular Response to Injury and Putative Theraputic Options

Neuropathic Pain Considerations

Conclusion

13. Spine Fusion: Biology and Biomechanics

Anatomy of the Bone–Bone Interface

Biology of Bone Graft Incorporation

Temporal Profile of Graft Incorporation

Systemic Factors

Conclusion

14. Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation

Cantilever

Cantilevers in Spinal Instrumentation

Bone–Screw Cantilever

Screw–Rod Interface

Clinical Modes of Failure and Strategies to Reduce Their Incidence

Bone–Screw Interface Failure

Screw–Rod Interface Failure

Conclusion

15. Biomechanics and Implant Materials: The Anterior Column

Historical Perspective

Interbody Fusion

Biomechanics

Cage Material and Design

Subsidence

Factors Affecting Construct Rigidity

Summary

16. Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Techniques

Biomechanics of the Functional Spinal Unit

Intervertebral Disc

Biomechanics of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Adjacent-Segment Degeneration

Biomechanics of Motion-Sparing Implants

Total Disc Arthroplasty

Other Motion-Sparing Devices

Conclusion

Disclaimer

17. Complications in Spine Surgery: Expected Rates and Classification

Patient Perception of Complications

Complication Risk Factors

Operative Complications

Postoperative Complications

Complication Classification

Conclusion

Pathophysiology of Spinal Disorders

Section 2.1. Pathophysiology of Congenital and Developmental Disorders

18. Spinal Cord Dysraphism and Myelodysplasia

Embryology

Spina Bifida Aperta––Open Neural Tube Defects

Myeloschisis

Myelomeningocele and Meningocele

Surgical Treatment

Fetal Myelomeningocele Repair

Outcomes

Spina Bifida Occulta––Closed Neural Tube Defects

Dermal Sinus Tract

Fatty Filum

Lipoma and Lipomyelomeningocele

Split Cord Malformation

Neurenteric Fistula or Cysts

Anterior Sacral Meningocele

Conclusion

19. Congenital Spinal Deformity

Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Congenital Spinal Deformity

Associated Anomalies, Evaluation, Imaging

Classification

Natural History and Observation

Surgical Indications, Imaging, Intraspinal Anomalies

Surgical Options, Timing of Intervention, Global Versus Local Treatment

Common Contemporary Surgical Options

Conclusion

20. Early-Onset Scoliosis

Classification

Initial Evaluation of the Child With Early-Onset Scoliosis

Consequences of Curve Progression: Pulmonary Development, Spinal Growth, and Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome

Nonoperative Treatment of Early-Onset Scoliosis

Shilla

Complications

Conclusion

21. Late-Onset Idiopathic Scoliosis

Prevalence

Curve Patterns/Progression

Thoracic Curves

Lumbar Curves

Thoracolumbar Curves

Double-Major Curves

Skeletal Maturity/Progression

Summary

Cardiopulmonary Concerns

Restrictive/Obstructive Lung Disease

Mortality/Summary

Back Pain/Disability

Psychosocial Concerns

Summary

22. Scheuermann Disease

History

Nomenclature

Clinically Relevant Embryology of the Vertebral Column

Postnatal Development of the Vertebral Column

Sagittal Spinal Alignment and Deformity

Epidemiology

Etiopathogenesis

Pathophysiology

Pathology/Histopathology

Clinical Features

Radiographic Features

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features

Natural History

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

Complications

Conclusion

23. Developmental Spondylolisthesis

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Hip–Spinopelvic Balance and Morphology

Postural Compensation Mechanisms in Developmental Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolisthesis Classification

Method for Classifying a Patient Using the Spinal Deformity Study Group Classification System

Implications for Surgical Treatment

Treatment Algorithm Using the Spinal Deformity Study Group Classification System

24. Craniovertebral Junction Deformities

Atlantoaxial Dislocation

Rotatory Atlantoaxial Dislocation

Vertical Atlantoaxial Dislocation

Lateral Atlantoaxial Dislocation

Goel Classification of Atlantoaxial Dislocation

Surgery for Atlantoaxial Dislocation

Basilar Invagination

Evolution of Personal Understanding

Reversibility of Musculoskeletal and Neural Alterations

Chiari Formation and Syringomyelia (Fig. 24.8)

Idiopathic Syringomyelia

Central Atlantoaxial Dislocation in Association With Cervical Myelopathy Related to Multisegmental Cervical Spondylosis, Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament, and Hirayama Disease

25. Developmental Deformity in the Cervical Spine

Basilar Impression/Invagination

Occipitocervical Synostosis

Congenital Atlas Anomalies

Odontoid Anomalies

Posterior Arch Defects

Congenital Muscular Torticollis

Klippel–Feil Syndrome

Laxity of the Transverse Atlantal Ligament

Other Disorders With Common Cervical Spine Involvement

26. Tarlov Cysts

Epidemiology

Histopathology

Clinical Findings

Radiological Features

Pathogenesis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Cyst Aspiration

Summary

27. Dural and Meningeal Pathologies

Superficial Siderosis

Presentation

Imaging

Treatment and Outcome

Spinal Cord Herniation

Presentation

Imaging

Treatment and Outcome

Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks and Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

Presentation

Imaging

Treatment and Outcomes

Segmental Amyotrophy Secondary to Dural Defect–Related Extraarachnoid Fluid Collections

Presentation

Imaging

Treatment and Outcomes

28. Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia

History

Signs, Symptoms, and Imaging: Pathological Features

Pathophysiology

Patient Selection and Surgical Management

Postoperative Care and Complications

Prognosis

Summary

Section 2.2. Pathophysiology of Degenerative Disorders

29. Pathophysiology of Cervical Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy

Cervical Spondylosis

Pathology

Cervical Spondylosis and Axial Neck Pain

Cervical Radiculopathy

Pathophysiology

Biomechanics

Histopathology

Spinal Cord Ischemia and Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy

Summary

30. Pathophysiology of Thoracic Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy

Anatomic Consideration of the Thoracic Spine

Specific Pathologies

Management of Thoracic Spine Pathologies

31. Pathophysiology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Pain

Anatomy

Extracellular Matrix

Cells

Nutrition

Innervation

Function

The Degenerative Cascade

Physiological Degeneration

Pathological Degeneration

Degeneration Risk Factors

Diagnostics

Current and Future Diagnostic Methods With Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Summary and Obstacles to Improved Understanding and Clinical Translation

32. Deformity in the Cervical Spine

Background

Pathophysiology

Congenital Cervical Scoliosis

Idiopathic Scoliosis

Traumatic/Iatrogenic Scoliosis

Preoperative Evaluation

Surgical Outcomes

Conclusion

33. Adult Degenerative Scoliosis

Clinical Evaluation of the Adult Patient with Spinal Deformity

Diagnostic Imaging

Classification

Management of Adult Degenerative Scoliosis

Conclusion

34. Lumbar Spondylolisthesis

Definitions

Natural History

Management

Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Surgery for Spondylolisthesis in the Elderly

Management of Osteoporosis

Surgical Considerations for Patients With Osteoporosis

Cost Effectiveness

Guidelines

Surgical Treatment

Conclusion

Section 2.3. Pathophysiology of Traumatic Disorders

35. Occipitocervical Injuries

General Principles

Diagnosis and Management

C0––Occipital Condyle Fractures

C0–C1––Atlantooccipital Dislocations

C1 Fracture

Transverse Ligament Injuries

Rotatory C1–C2 Subluxations

C2 Fractures

Combination Occipitocervical Junction Injuries

Surgical Procedures

Dorsal C1–C2 and C1–C3 Fixation

Odontoid Screw Fixation

Ventral C1–C2 Fixation

Ventral C2–C3 Fixation

Dorsal Occipital Cervical Fusion

Summary

36. Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries

Anatomy

Clinical Assessment

Radiographic Assessment

Injury Classification

Management

Treatment by Fracture Type

Prognosis

Conclusion

37. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Injuries

Evaluation and Diagnosis

Assessment in the Emergency Department

Imaging

Classification of Thoracolumbar Fractures

Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score

Management of Thoracolumbar Fractures

Management of Specific Thoracolumbar Injuries

Conclusion

38. Peripheral Nerve Injury

Anatomy and Physiology of the Peripheral Nervous System

Biology of Nerve Injury and Repair

The Nerve Cell Body and Proinflammatory Response in the Nerve Injury Zone

Central Nervous System Versus Peripheral Nervous System Regeneration

Current and Future Surgical Nerve Repair Concepts

Innovative Current and Future Directions

Cauda Equina Syndrome

Clinical Syndrome

39. Spinal Cord Injury

Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury

Mechanisms of Spinal Cord Injury

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations of Spinal Cord Injury

Patterns of Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Special Considerations

Conclusion

40. Spinal Injuries in Sports

Epidemiology of Sports-Related Spinal Injuries

Cervical Spine and Brachial Plexus

Thoracic Spine

Lumbosacral Spine

Summary

Section 2.4. Pathophysiology of Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders

41. Rheumatoid Arthritis

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Radiological Evaluation

Operative Indications

Specific Regions of the Spine

Summary

42. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders

Introduction and Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Radiographic Findings

Nonoperative Treatment Modalities

Operative Interventions: Fractures

Deformity

Preoperative Planning

Osteotomy: Cervical

Osteotomy: Thoracolumbar

Cervical Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy: C7 Osteotomy Technique

Complications

Conclusion

43. Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Demographics

Natural History

Genetic Expression and Biomarkers

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Imaging Evaluation and Classification

Conclusion

44. Primary Infections of the Spine

Pyogenic Infections: Spondylodiscitis, Vertebral Osteomyelitis, and Epidural Abscess

Other Granulomatous Spinal Lesions

Brucellosis

Fungal Infections

Conclusion

45. Secondary Infections of the Spine

Risk Factors

Prevention

Clinical Presentation

Diagnostic Workup

Management

Conclusion

46. Primary Tumors of the Spine

Symptoms

Radiological Evaluation

Management

Treatment

Primary Lesions

Conclusion

47. Metastatic Tumors of the Spine

Presentation

Imaging Findings

Evaluation

Neurological Function

Oncological Status

Mechanical Instability

Systemic Considerations

Management

Surgical Approaches

Minimally Invasive Surgery

Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty

Conclusion

48. Intradural Extramedullary Spine Tumors

Epidemiology

Patient Presentation

Nerve Sheath Tumors

Surgical Considerations

Conclusion

49. Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions

Patient Evaluation

Patient Selection

Surgical Objectives

Surgical Technique

Advances in Surgical Approaches

Postoperative Management

A Note on Differential Diagnosis

Summary

50. Brachial Plexus Tumors Extending Into the Cervicothoracic Spine

Clinical Presentation and Imaging Findings

Surgical Approaches

Surgical Considerations for Brachial Plexus Tumors Extending Into the Cervical and Upper Thoracic Spine

Dorsal Approach

Ventral Supraclavicular Approach

Dorsal Subscapular Approach

Conclusion

Section 2.6. Pathophysiology of Syndromic Disorders Affecting the Spine: Connective Tissue and Vascular

51. Spinal Disorders Associated With Connective Tissue Disorders

General Considerations

Atlantoaxial Instability

Basilar Invagination

Cervical Failure of Segmentation

Congenital Scoliosis

Dystrophic Scoliosis

Kyphosis

Dural Ectasia

Thoracic Dystrophy

Spinal Deformity From Soft Tissue Contractures

Spinal Stenosis

Spondylolisthesis

Spinal Angiomas

Summary

52. Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, and Metabolic Bone Disease

Osteoporosis

Osteomalacia

Paget Disease of the Bone

53. Vascular Malformations of the Spine

History and Nomenclature

Embryology and Vascular Anatomy

Imaging Techniques

Extradural Arteriovenous Fistulas

Type 1 Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

Type II Glomus Arteriovenous Malformations

Type III Juvenile Extradural-Intradural Arteriovenous Malformations

Type IV Intradural Perimedullary Arteriovenous Fistula

Conus Arteriovenous Malformations

Spinal Aneurysms

Cavernous Angiomas

54. Neuromuscular Disorders in the Pediatric Spine

Classification of Neuromuscular Scoliosis

General Considerations for Patients With Neuromuscular Scoliosis

Neuromuscular Scoliosis Secondary to Cerebral Palsy

Specific Preoperative Considerations for Patients With Cerebral Palsy

Outcomes of Corrective Scoliosis Surgery in Patients With Cerebral Palsy

Neuromuscular Scoliosis Secondary to Myelodysplasia

Specific Preoperative Considerations in Patients With Scoliosis Because of Myelomeningocele

Intraoperative Considerations for Patients With Myelomeningocele

Outcomes in Patients With Scoliosis Secondary to Myelomeningocele

Neuromuscular Deformity in the Adult

Management of Neuromuscular Deformity in the Adult

Summary

55. Neuromuscular Disorders in the Adult Spine

Pathophysiology

Classification and Evaluation

Parkinson Disease

Immunomodulatory Disorders (Multiple Sclerosis)

Conclusion

Section 2.7. Pathophysiology of Postoperative Spinal Disorders

56. Postoperative Spinal Disorders—Cervical

Background

Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery

Pseudoarthrosis After Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery

Adjacent Segment Disease After Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery

Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery

Early Postoperative Complications in Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery

Postlaminectomy Kyphosis in Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery

Pseudoarthrosis in Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery

Fusion Choices in Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery

Avoiding Iatrogenic Destabilization

Conclusion

57. Postoperative Spinal Deformity

Pathophysiology: Prevalence and Impact

Cervical Spine Alignment

Lumbar Degenerative Alignment

Thoracolumbar Deformity Alignment

Avoiding Fusion of the Spine in Malalignment

Treatment of Postoperative Malalignment of the Spine

Conclusion

58. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Cervical Spine

Terminology

Biomechanics of Adjacent Segment Pathology

Adjacent Segment Degeneration (Radiographic Adjacent Segment Pathology)

Adjacent Segment Disease (Clinical Adjacent Segment Pathology)

Prevention of Adjacent Segment Pathology

Minimize Disruption of Surrounding Soft Tissue

Patient/Level Selection

Sagittal Alignment

Authors’ Perspective

59. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Lumbar Spine

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Surgical Strategies to Avoid Adjacent Segment Disease

Surgical Strategies to Manage Adjacent Segment Disease

Outcomes and Complications

Conclusion

60. Proximal and Distal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure

Prevalence and Predictive Factors

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Adult Spinal Deformity

Scheuermann Kyphosis

Impact of Proximal Junctional Kyphosis and Distal Junctional Kyphosis

Strategies for Prevention

Conclusion

Part 3. Evaluation of Patients with Spinal Disorders

61. Physical and Neurological Examination

Taking a Medical History

General Physical Examination

Spine Examination

Neurological Examination

Sensory Examination

Differentiating Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Pathology From Bony or Soft Tissue Pathology

Video-Telemedicine Spine Evaluation During the COVID-19 Pandemic

62. Sagittal Spinal Alignment: An Evolutionary Perspective

The Anthropological Development of the Normal Human Upright Sagittal Balance

The Anatomical Transition From Quadrupeds to Bipeds

The Establishment of Spinal Parameters

Radiographic Measurement of Global Spinal Alignment

Clinical Relevance of the Spinopelvic Relationship

The Contribution of Pelvic Anatomy to Global Alignment

The Relevance of Sagittal Balance to Spinal Surgery Planning

Conclusion

63. Spinal Alignment: Significance and Preoperative Planning

Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation

Etiology of Sagittal Malalignment

Exhaustion of Nonsurgical Management

Surgical Management

Conclusion

64. Overview of Imaging Procedures Available for Spinal Diagnosis

Plain Radiography

Myelography

Fluoroscopy

Nuclear Scans

Computed Tomography

Ultrasonography

Discography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Conclusion

65. Electrodiagnostic Studies

Key Anatomy for Electrodiagnosis

Nerve Fiber Injury Types and Relevance

Components of the Electrodiagnostic Examination

Electrodiagnostic Localization of Spinal Disorders

Case Studies

Polyradiculopathy

Cervical Root Avulsion

Lumbar Canal Stenosis

Postoperative Electrodiagnostic Examination

Recommendations for the Referring Physician

66. Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine

Degenerative Disease of the Cervical Spine

Degenerative Disease of the Lumbar Spine

Trauma

Posttraumatic Syringomyelia

Charcot Spine

Spinal Infection

Spondylodiscitis

Spinal Epidural Abscess

Neoplastic Disease

Inflammatory Disease of the Spine

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Vascular Lesions Affecting the Spinal Cord

Neurological Conditions of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Multiple Sclerosis

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Guillain–Barré Syndrome

Masqueraders of Spinal Pathology

Musculoskeletal System

Nervous System

Visceral Organs and Related Systems

Summary

67. Patient Selection for Spine Surgery: Preoperative Optimization

Background

Diabetes Mellitus

Tobacco Abuse

Obesity

Anemia

Osteoporosis

Psychosocial Factors

Conclusion

68. Evaluation of the Aging Patient

Structural Changes in the Spine

Osteoporosis

Functional Assessment

Age-Related Risk Factors

Summary

69. Preoperative Evaluation of Psychosocial Aspects and Work-Related Issues

Psychosocial Aspects

Work-Related Issues

Conclusion

70. Preoperative Evaluation of Patients With Tumors Affecting the Spine

Classification of Spinal Tumors

Diagnostic Imaging

Plain Radiographs

Bone Scan

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Angiography

Laboratory Tests and Inflammatory Markers

Consideration of Spine Surgery in Metastatic Cancer

The NOMS Criteria

Neurological

Oncological

Mechanical Instability

Systemic

Prognostic Scoring Systems

Conclusion

71. Measuring Preoperative Health-Related Quality of Life: What Metrics Matter

The Importance of Health-Related Quality of Life in Spine Care

Key Characteristics of Health-Related Quality of Life Tools

Reliability, Validity, and Responsiveness

Some Commonly Used Health-Related Quality of Life Tools in Spine Care (Table 71.1)

Choice of Health-Related Quality of Life Tools: Potential Considerations

Conclusion

Management of Spinal Disorders

Section 4.1. Nonoperative Approaches

72. Rehabilitation and Interventions in Management of Spinal Disorders

Etiology of Back and Neck Pain

Medical Treatment Options

Nonpharmacological Treatments

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, Ultrasound, Taping

Summary: An Evidence-Informed Approach to Nonsurgical Management of Back and Neck Pain

73. Spine Injections

Introduction

Epidural Injection

Anatomy

Cervical Epidural Steroid Injections

Thoracic Epidural Steroid Injections

Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injections

Caudal Epidural Steroid Injection

Medications

Complications

Contraindications

Interlaminar Versus Transforaminal Approach

Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections and Selective Nerve Root Blocks

Indications

Anatomy

Technique

Cervical Technique

Lumbar Technique

Sacral Technique

Thoracic Technique

Complications

Facet Joint Injections, Medial Branch Nerve Blocks, and Radiofrequency Denervation

Introduction

Anatomy

Facet Injections

Thoracic Intraarticular Facet Injection

Thoracic Medial Branch Block and Radiofrequency Treatment

Lumbar Intraarticular Facet Injection

Lumbar Medial Branch Block and Radiofrequency Treatment

Complications

Sympathetic Blocks

Indications for Stellate Ganglion Blocks

Anatomy of the Stellate Ganglion

Technique of the Stellate Ganglion Block

Complications of Stellate Ganglion Block

Indications for Lumbar Sympathetic Block

Anatomy of the Lumbar Sympathetic Chain

Technique of the Lumbar Sympathetic Block

Complications of the Lumbar Sympathetic Block

Diagnostic Block Considerations

Conclusion

74. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Back Pain

Chronic Pain: The Essential Role of Psychology

Key Components and Goals of Treatment for Chronic Pain and Chronic Low Back Pain

Theoretical Foundation for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Pain

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: In-Depth Application to Chronic Pain

Empirical Support for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is Effective for Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain

Conclusion

75. Regenerative Strategies and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Background

Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Intervertebral Disc

Biological Therapy

Cell-Based Therapy

Indications for Disc Degeneration and Discogenic Pain

Conclusion

76. Neuromodulation and Rehabilitative Interventions for the Spine

Past: Spinal Stimulation for Pain Control

Present: Advances in Neuromodulation

New Targets for Neuromodulation: Multifidus Stimulation

Spinal Epidural Stimulation for Chronic Paralysis

Future: The Spine as a Platform for Clinical Neuromodulation

Treatment of Spasticity Related to Cerebral Palsy

Advanced Spinal Imaging

Spine Machine Interfaces

Conclusion

77. Pain Management: Opioids and Alternatives

Acetaminophen

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

Oral Steroids

Antidepressants

Opioids

Muscle Relaxants

Anticonvulsants

Topicals

Cannabinoids

Conclusion

Section 4.2. Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Overview and Principles

78. Fundamentals of Spine Surgery

The Decision-Making Process

Patient Selection

Consent for Surgery

Surgical Considerations

Technology and the Spine

Economics

Conclusion

79. Perioperative Management Protocols: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery

Introduction

Brief History of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery in Other Surgical Specialties

Physiological Foundation for Enhanced Recovery After Surgery

Need for Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Programs in Spinal Surgery

Phases of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery in Spinal Surgery

University of Miami Spinal Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Experience

Literature Review of Established Spinal Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Programs

Conclusion and Future Direction

80. Surgical Incisions, Positioning, and Retraction

Patient Positioning

Retractors

Approaches

81. Intraoperative Imaging Protocols

General Considerations

Plain Film Radiography

Fluoroscopy

Image-Guided Navigation

Robot-Assisted Spinal Instrumentation

Case Illustration

Conclusion

82. Anesthesia for Spine Surgery and the Prevention of Complications

Preoperative Assessment

Pathophysiological Changes With Prone Position

Important Functions of the Glycocalyx

Suitable and Practical Techniques for Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy and Perfusion Pressure During Spine Surgery

Commonly Used Colloids During Spine Surgeries

In Conclusion

Changes in Respiratory Physiology

Poisson Effect and Prone Position

Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring

Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Spinal Monitoring Changes

Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials

Motor-Evoked Potentials

Treatment of Surgical Pain After Spine Surgeries

83. Intraoperative Monitoring in Routine and Complex Surgery

Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials

Electrode Placement

System Settings

Intraoperative Somatosensory-Evoked Potential Monitoring Assessment

Motor-Evoked Potentials

Electrode Placement

Intraoperative Motor-Evoked Potential Monitoring Assessment

Electromyography

Free-Running Electromyography

Triggered Electromyography

Anesthesia

Significant Changes in Neuromonitoring

Conclusion

84. Blood Management and Complex Spine Surgery

Brief Review of Surgical Hemostasis

Preoperative Evaluation

Transfusion Risks and Counseling

Anesthetic Techniques for Lessening Intraoperative Blood Loss

Operative Team Management

Surgical Techniques for Reducing Blood Loss

Local Agents for the Reduction of Blood Loss

Positioning

Intraoperative Blood Transfusion

Intraoperative and Postoperative Blood Salvage

Postoperative Drugs and Blood Loss

Treatment and Diagnosis of Diffuse Intraoperative and Postoperative Bleeding

Summary

85. Intraoperative Crisis Management in Spine Surgery: What to Do When Things Go Bad

Anesthetic Crises

Electrophysiological Spinal Cord Monitoring

Neurological Injuries

Conclusion

Volume 2

86. Biologics in Spine Fusion Surgery

Autograft

Iliac Crest Bone Graft

Local Bone Graft

Bone Marrow Concentrates

Allograft

Demineralized Bone Matrix

Cellular-Based Allograft

Synthetic (Ceramic-Based) Bone Substitutes

Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein–2

Conclusion

87. Osteointegration: The Bone and Implant Interface

Biological Process

Materials

Surface Topography

Surface Chemistry

Hydroxyapatite Coating

Porosity

Conclusion

88. Common Complications in Spine Surgery: Pseudoarthrosis

Biology of Bone Healing

Diagnosis of Pseudoarthrosis

Risk Factors for Pseudoarthrosis

Incidence and Treatment

Augmentation of Fusion With Graft, Biologics, and Other Factors

Summary

89. Postoperative Medical Complications

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Pathways

Pulmonary and Thromboembolic Complications

Cardiac Complications

Renal Complications

Gastrointestinal Complications

Miscellaneous Complications

Conclusion

90. Preventing Postoperative Infections: An Evidence-Based Approach

Preoperative Factors

Intraoperative Factors

Postoperative Factors

Summary of the 2017 Centers for Disease Control Guidelines

Summary

91. Neurological Complications of Common Spine Operations

Occipitocervical Junction

Anterior Cervical

Posterior Cervical

Thoracic Spine

Lumbar Spine

Posterior Lumbar

Anterior and Lateral Lumbar

Conclusion

92. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Repair and Outcomes

Incidence

Pathophysiology

Clinical Features

Diagnostic Studies

Conservative Management

Surgical Management

Conclusion

93. Arachnoiditis

Anatomy

Pathogenesis

Etiology

Clinical Features

Radiographic Features

Spinal Epidural Fibrosis

Treatment

Summary

94. Arachnoiditis and Syringomyelia

Epidemiology and Definition

Pathophysiology of Arachnoiditis-Associated Syringomyelia

Radiographic Findings of Arachnoiditis

Clinical Presentation and Clinical Course

Treatment and Outcomes

Arachnoiditis Ossificans

Summary

95. Posttraumatic and Idiopathic Syringomyelia

Epidemiology

Classification

Etiology

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

Management

Conclusions

96. Vascular and Soft Tissue Complications

Complications at the Craniovertebral Junction

Complications in the Subaxial Spine

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury

Esophageal Injury

Esophageal Repair

Laryngotracheal Injuries

Carotid and Vertebral Artery Injury

Complications at the Cervicothoracic Junction and in the Thoracic Spine

Thoracic Duct Injuries

Vascular Injuries

Pulmonary Complications

Thoracolumbar Junction and Lumbar Spine

Splenic and Vascular Injury

Ureteral Injury

Bowel Injury

Transabdominal Approaches to the Lumbosacral Spine

Lymphocele After the Anterior Approach to the Spine

Complications of Posterior Lumbar Discectomy

Complications of Minimally Invasive Thoracolumbar Discectomy and Fusion

Complications Related to Thoracoscopy and Transthoracic Discectomy

Vascular Injury

Other Visceral Injury

Instrumentation Complications

Complications of Vertebral Cement Augmentation

Summary

97. Postoperative Spinal Deformities

Introduction

Decompression-Related Postoperative Spinal Deformities

Instrumentation-Related Postoperative Deformities

Adjacent Segment Disease

Proximal Junctional Failures

Surgical Correction of Postsurgical Deformity

Conclusion

98. Implant Wear, Degradation, and Breakage

Implant Wear

Wear Debris

Particulate Characterization

Ionic Concentrations

Corrosion

Conclusion

99. Spine Readmissions and Reoperations

Readmission

Cervical Spine

Thoracolumbar Spine

Conclusion

Section 4.3. Operative Management of Spinal Disoders: Occipital and Cervical

100. Cervical Spine Construct Design

Fundamental Concepts

Indications for Cervical Construct Application

Construct Selection

Ventral Constructs

Dorsal Constructs

Economic Considerations

Supplementary External Immobilization

101. Occipitocervical Spine Approaches for Decompression

Occipitocervical Spine

Pathology

Surgical Anatomy

Vertebral Artery

Atlantooccipital Joint

Approaches to the Occipitocervical Region

Extended Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction

Summary

102. Occipitocervical Spine Posterior Approaches for Fusion

General Considerations

Anesthetic Considerations

Ventral Approaches

Dorsal Approaches

Transarticular Screw Fixation

C1‒C2 Screw/Rod Constructs

Occipitocervical Fusion

Patient-Reported Outcomes

Summary

103. Endoscopic and Transnasal Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction

Preoperative Evaluation

Endoscopic Transnasal Surgical Technique

Endoscopic Transnasal Transclival Approach

Endoscopic Transnasal Odontoidectomy Approach

Reconstruction

Postoperative Care

Discussion

Clinical Outcomes: Advantages and Limitations

Conclusion

104. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction—Posterior

Anatomy

Posterior Triangle of the Neck

Spinal Anatomy

Discs

Ligaments

Ligamentum Nuchea

Intravertebral Foramen

Blood Supply

Posterior Subaxial Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction Pathology

Subaxial Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction Trauma

Other Pathologies of the Subaxial Cervical Spine and the Cervicothoracic Junction

Posterior Surgical Approaches

Posterior Keyhole Laminotomy/Foraminotomy

Transpedicular

Costotransversectomy and the Lateral Extracavitary Approach

Minimally Invasive Posterior Approach

105. Posterior Cervical Decompressions: Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoforaminotomy

Technique

Anesthetic Concerns

Incision and Dissection

Laminectomy

Foraminotomy

Summary

Acknowledgment

106. Cervical Laminoplasty

Background of the Development of Laminoplasty

Surgical Indication

Surgical Technique used for Laminoplasty

Surgical Results

Complications

Closure of Expanded Lamina

Segmental Motor Paralysis (C5 Palsy)

Axial Pain

Conclusions

107. Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques

Etiologies

Indications for Surgery

Trauma

Tumor

Degenerative Disorders

Surgical Exposure

Bony Fusion

Techniques

Lateral Mass Screw Fixation

Cervical Pedicle Screw Fixation

Minimally Invasive Intrafacet Fusion

Decision to Cross the C7–T1 junction

Postoperative Care

Complication Management

Neurological and Vascular Complications

Spinal Complications

Wound Complications

Summary

108. Posterior Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine

Posterior Minimally Invasive Approaches for the Cervical Spine

Indications

Preoperative Evaluation

Operative Setup

Positioning

Surgical Approach

Laminotomy/Foraminotomy/Discectomy

Decompression for Stenosis

Posterior Cervical Transfacet Fusion Cages

Lateral Mass Fixation

Closure and Postoperative Care

Outcomes and Results

Complications

Summary

109. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction—Anterior Approach

Cervical Spine Pathology and Indications for Surgery

Surgical Approaches

110. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Corpectomy

Anterior Cervical Pathologies

Approach and Limitations

Retractor and Distracting Pin Placement

Conclusion

111. Management of Soft Cervical Disc Herniation: Controversies and Complication Avoidance

Approach to Surgical Decision Making

Surgical Options for Soft Disc Herniation

Conclusion

112. Anterior Subaxial Cervical Fixation and Fusion Techniques

Background

Anterior Instrumentation

Interbody Options for Anterior Subaxial Fixation

Anterior Interbody Pseudarthrosis and Subsidence

Additional Techniques for Anterior Subaxial Fixation and Fusion

Anterior Controllable Antedisplacement Fusion

Conclusion

113. Cervical Total Disc Arthroplasty

Rationale for Cervical Arthroplasty

Nomenclature, Biomaterials, and Biomechanics

Indications and Contraindications

Cervical Arthroplasty: The Clinical Evidence

Effect of Cervical Disc Replacement on Adjacent Segment Disease

Potential Complications and Complication Avoidance

Conclusion

Disclosure

114. Combined Ventral-Dorsal Surgery

Acute Cervical Spine Injury

Kyphotic Deformity

Neoplasms

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy

Complications and Avoidance

Summary

Section 4.4. Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Thoracolumbar

115. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Construct Design

Nomenclature

Indications for Spinal Instrumentation

Construct Types (Modes of Force Application)

Development of a Construct Blueprint

Construct Design Strategies

116. Posterior Approaches to the Thoracic Spine

Anatomy

Approaches

Midline Approach

Transpedicular Approach

Costotransversectomy

Lateral Extracavitary Approach

Summary

117. Anterior and Lateral Approaches to the Thoracic Spine

Transpedicular Approach

Costotransversectomy and Lateral Extracavitary

Mini-Open Extracavitary Transpedicular Corpectomy

Retropleural Thoracotomy

Minimally Invasive Retropleural Approach

Transpleural Thoracotomy

Endoscopic Transpleural Thoracotomy

Direct Anterior Thoracic Approaches

Summary

118. Minimally Invasive Lateral Thoracic Decompression

Indications for Operative Intervention

Minimally Invasive Surgical Approaches for Thoracic Decompression

Conclusion

119. Thoracoscopic Corpectomy and Reconstruction

Advantages and Disadvantages

Indications and Contraindications

Preoperative Assessment and Planning

Operative Technique

Conclusion

120. Posterolateral Thoracolumbar Fusion

Surgical Technique

Instrumentation

Spondylolisthesis as an Indication for Posterolateral Fusion

Cost Effectiveness

Summary

121. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Universal Spine Instrumentation

History

Surgical Indications

Distraction

Tension Band Fixation

Summary

122. Midline Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Cortical Bone Trajectory Pedicle Screw Placement

Surgical Indications and Contraindications

Surgical Technique

Postoperative Care

Complications

123. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Indications

Preoperative Radiographic Studies

Overview of the Procedure

Surgical Technique

Phase I: Access Port Docking, Exposure, and Pedicle Screw Placement

Phase II: Osteotomies and Decompression of the Segment

Phase III: End Plate Preparation, Trial, and Interbody Placement

Complication Avoidance

Surgical

Early Postoperative Phase

Late Postoperative Phase

Conclusion

124. Dorsal Semirigid Stabilization

Adjacent Segment Pathology

Semirigid System Rationale

Neutral Semirigid Systems

Compressive Semirigid Systems

Distractive Semirigid Systems, Interspinous Process Spacers

Total Facet Replacement Systems

ACADIA

TOPSTM Posterior Arthroplasty System

Disadvantages and Complications

Conclusion

125. Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty

Background

Indications

Current Designs

Lumbar Tdr Devices Available in The United States

Lumbar Tdr Devices Available Outside the United States

Two-Level Lumbar Tdr

Mid- and Long-Term Outcomes

Hybrid Reconstruction

Adjacent Segment Degeneration

Complications

Cost and Insurance Coverage

Future Directions and Conclusions

126. Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques I: Philosophy and Rationale

Evolution of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

Lumbar Spine

Thoracic Spine

Cervical Spine

Conclusion

127. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Decompression

Posterior Minimally Invasive Approaches to the Lumbar Spine

Indications

Preoperative Evaluation

Operative Setup

Positioning

Surgical Technique

Minimally Invasive Lumbar Foraminotomy

Minimally Invasive Lumbar Discectomy

Minimally Invasive Posterior Lumbar Decompression

Closure and Postoperative Care

Outcomes and Results

Complications

Summary

128. Endoscopic Approaches to the Cervical Spine

Posterior Cervical Unilateral Laminectomy for Bilateral Decompression

Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy

Anterior Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy

Anterior Cervical Transcorporal Discectomy

Discussion

129. Endoscopic Surgical Approaches to the Lumbar Spine

Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy

Endoscopic Lumbar Fusion

Patient Selection for Endoscopic Lumbar Fusion

Conclusion

Endoscopic Revision of Lumbar Spinal Fusions

Complications Associated With Endoscopic Spine Surgery

Neural Injury and Dural Tears

Injury to Vascular Structures and Postoperative Hematoma

Injury to Abdominal Contents

Incomplete Decompression and Recurrence of the Disc Herniation

Future Trends

130. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Fusion

Midline Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Minimally Invasive Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Comparison With Open Techniques

Complications and Clinical Results

Infection

Cost Benefit

Conclusion

131. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

History

Preoperative Considerations

Intraoperative Considerations

Summary

132. Anterior and Anterolateral Lumbar Spine Decompression and Fusion: Minimally Invasive Surgery Approaches

Regional Anatomy

Vascular Anatomy

Applications of Anterolateral Approaches

Surgical Technique

Complications

Conclusion and Key Points

133. Complex Lumbosacropelvic Fixation Techniques

Anatomic and Biomechanical Considerations

Indications for Lumbosacropelvic Fixation

Lumbosacral Pivot Point

Complex Techniques of Sacral Fixation

Complications of Complex Lumbopelvic Fixation

Summary

134. Spinal Augmentation for Vertebral Compression Fractures

Workup for Vertebral Compression Fractures

Vertebroplasty

Surgical Technique

Case Example

Kyphoplasty

Complications of Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty

Conclusion

Operative Management of Specific Disorders of the Spine

Section 5.1. Degenerative Pathologies

135. Indications for Spine Fusion for Axial Pain

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Plain Radiographs

Discography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Nonsurgical Treatment

Surgical Treatment

Patient Predictors of Treatment Outcome

Conclusion

136. Cervical Disc Herniation

Background

Pathophysiology and Diagnosis

Case Example

Management

Surgical Approach

Complications

Preoperative Considerations

Dysphagia

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury

Durotomy

Surgical Site Infection

Esophageal Perforation

Airway Compromise

Vertebral Artery Injury

Case Examples

137. Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation

Risk Factors for Recurrent Disc Herniations

Evaluation of Recurrent Disc Herniation

Management of Recurrent Disc Herniation

Conclusion

138. Thoracic Discectomy

Clinical Presentations

Indications for Surgery

Preoperative Planning and Imaging

Surgical Strategies

Special Considerations

Postoperative Management

Complications

Case Examples

139. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis

Classification

Conclusion

140. Sacroiliac Joint Pain

Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Sacroiliac Joint

Diagnosis of Sacroiliac Joint Pain

Physical Examination of the Sacroiliac Joint

Diagnostic Injection of the Sacroiliac Joint

Nonoperative Treatment of Sacroiliac Joint Pain

Surgical Treatment of Sacroiliac Joint Pain

Surgical Approaches for Sacroiliac Joint Fusion

Conclusion

Section 5.2. Spinal Deformity

141. Surgical Principles for Spinal Deformity

Indications for Surgery

Patient Selection

Mitigating Surgical Risk

General Terms

Preoperative Planning and Radiographic Analysis

Causes of Spinal Deformity

Summary

142. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Adult Spinal Deformity

Define the Problem

Goals

Osteoporosis

Options

Instrumentation in Osteoporosis

Interspinous Spacers

Anterior Column Reconstruction

Osteotomies

Vertebral Column Resection

Plans

Outcomes of Complex Surgery for Adult Deformity

Conclusion

143. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Pediatric Spinal Deformity

Growth of the Spine

Evaluation

Idiopathic Scoliosis: Early Onset and Adolescent Onset

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Early-Onset Scoliosis

Congenital Disorders

Neuromuscular Disorders

Conclusion

144. Cervicothoracic Deformity: The Role of Anterior Surgery

Clinical Evaluation of Cervicothoracic Junction Deformity Patients

Anatomical Considerations

Surgical Management of Cervicothoracic Junction Deformity

Complications

Case Presentations

Conclusion

145. Cervical and Cervicothoracic Deformity Correction: Posterior-Based Osteotomies

Preoperative Evaluation

Cervical Alignment Parameters and Quality of Life Outcomes

Surgical Strategies for the Correction of Cervical and Cervicothoracic Deformities

Posterior-Based Osteotomies

Perioperative and Mechanical Complications

Case Presentations

Conclusion

146. The Role of Anterior Surgery for Thoracolumbar Deformity

Anterior Versus Posterior Approaches to Spinal Deformity

Advantages of the Anterior Approach to the Spine

Surgical Approaches to the Anterior Thoracolumbar Spine

Anterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine in the Lateral Position

Complications and Complication Avoidance in Anterior Spine Surgery

Lateral Approaches to the Lumbar Interbody Space

Anterior Approaches for Spinal Deformity: Case Examples

Anterior Spinal Fusion for the Lenke 5C Deformity in Children and Adults

Fractional Deformity Correction

Conclusion

147. Anterior Column Release in Deformity

Preoperative Evaluation

Surgical Considerations

Complications

Conclusion

148. Posterior-Based Management of Spinal Deformity

Posterior Osteotomies for Spinal Mobilization

Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy

Conclusion

149. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Spinal Deformity

Goals of Minimally Invasive Techniques for Spinal Deformity

Correct Sagittal Imbalance (Sagittal Vertical Axis >5 cm)

Correct Coronal Curvature

Restore Pelvic Incidence and Lumbar Lordosis Harmony

Minimally Invasive Surgery Deformity Algorithm

Minimally Invasive Surgical Approaches

Navigation and Robotics in Minimally Invasive Surgery

Complications and Complication Avoidance

Conclusion

 

People also search for Benzel’s Spine Surgery, 2-Volume Set: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management 5th:

benzel’s spine surgery 5th edition pdf free download
    
benzel’s spine surgery 5th edition pdf
    
benzel spine surgery 5th edition
    
benzel’s spine surgery 6th edition
    
benzel spine surgery table of contents

Tags: Benzels Spine, Surgery, Techniques, Complication Avoidance, Management, Michael Steinmetz