(Ebook PDF) Biology 12th Edition by Peter Raven ISBN 9781260494709 1260494705 full chapters

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ISBN 10:1260494705 

ISBN 13: 9781260494709

Author: Peter H. Raven 

TheRaven & Johnson’s Biology author team is committed to continually improving the text, keeping the student and learning foremost. The integrated pedagogical features expand the students’ learning process and enhance their learning experience. This latest edition of the text maintains the clear, accessible, and engaging writing style of past editions with the solid framework of pedagogy that highlights an emphasis on evolution and scientific inquiry that have made this a leading textbook for students majoring in biology. This emphasis on the organizing power of evolution is combined with an integration of the importance of cellular, molecular biology and genomics to offer our readers a text that is student friendly and current.

Table of Contents:

• Part I The Molecular Basis of Life
• 1 The Science of Biology
• 1.1 The Science of Life
• 1.2 The Nature of Science
• 1.3 An Example of Scientific Inquiry: Darwin and Evolution
• 1.4 Core Concepts in Biology
• 2 The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water
• 2.1 The Nature of Atoms
• 2.2 Elements Found in Living Systems
• 2.3 The Nature of Chemical Bonds
• 2.4 Water: A Vital Compound
• 2.5 Properties of Water
• 2.6 Acids and Bases
• 3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
• 3.1 Carbon: The Framework of Biological Molecules
• 3.2 Carbohydrates: Energy Storage and Structural Molecules
• 3.3 Nucleic Acids: Information Molecules
• 3.4 Proteins: Molecules with Diverse Structures and Functions
• 3.5 Lipids: Hydrophobic Molecules
• Part II Biology of the Cell
• 4 Cell Structure
• 4.1 Cell Theory
• 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
• 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
• 4.4 The Endomembrane System
• 4.5 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Cellular Generators
• 4.6 The Cytoskeleton
• 4.7 Extracellular Structures and Cell Movement
• 4.8 Cell-to-Cell Interactions
• 5 Membranes
• 5.1 The Structure of Membranes
• 5.2 Phospholipids: The Membrane’s Foundation
• 5.3 Proteins: Multifunctional Components
• 5.4 Passive Transport Across Membranes
• 5.5 Active Transport Across Membranes
• 5.6 Bulk Transport by Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• 6 Energy and Metabolism
• 6.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Systems
• 6.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics and Free Energy
• 6.3 ATP: The Energy Currency of Cells
• 6.4 Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
• 6.5 Metabolism: The Chemical Description of Cell Function
• 7 How Cells Harvest Energy
• 7.1 Overview of Respiration
• 7.2 Glycolysis: Splitting Glucose
• 7.3 The Oxidation of Pyruvate Produces Acetyl-CoA
• 7.4 The Citric Acid Cycle
• 7.5 The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
• 7.6 Energy Yield of Aerobic Respiration
• 7.7 Regulation of Aerobic Respiration
• 7.8 Oxidation Without O2
• 7.9 Catabolism of Proteins and Fats
• 7.10 Evolution of Metabolism
• 8 Photosynthesis
• 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
• 8.2 The Discovery of Photosynthetic Processes
• 8.3 Pigments
• 8.4 Photosystem Organization
• 8.5 The Light-Dependent Reactions
• 8.6 Carbon Fixation: The Calvin Cycle
• 8.7 Photorespiration
• 9 Cell Communication
• 9.1 Overview of Cell Communication
• 9.2 Receptor Types
• 9.3 Intracellular Receptors
• 9.4 Signal Transduction Through Receptor Kinases
• 9.5 Signal Transduction Through G Protein–Coupled Receptors
• 10 How Cells Divide
• 10.1 Bacterial Cell Division
• 10.2 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
• 10.3 Overview of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
• 10.4 Interphase: Preparation for Mitosis
• 10.5 M Phase: Chromosome Segregation and the Division of Cytoplasmic Contents
• 10.6 Control of the Cell Cycle
• 10.7 Genetics of Cancer
• Part III Genetic and Molecular Biology
• 11 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
• 11.1 Sexual Reproduction Requires Meiosis
• 11.2 Features of Meiosis
• 11.3 The Process of Meiosis
• 11.4 Summing Up: Meiosis Versus Mitosis
• 12 Patterns of Inheritance
• 12.1 The Mystery of Heredity
• 12.2 Monohybrid Crosses: The Principle of Segregation
• 12.3 Dihybrid Crosses: The Principle of Independent Assortment
• 12.4 Probability: Predicting the Results of Crosses
• 12.5 The Testcross: Revealing Unknown Genotypes
• 12.6 Extensions to Mendel
• 13 Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis–Inheritance Connection
• 13.1 Sex Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
• 13.2 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
• 13.3 Exceptions to the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
• 13.4 Genetic Mapping
• 13.5 Human Genetic Disorders
• 14 DNA: The Genetic Material
• 14.1 The Nature of the Genetic Material
• 14.2 DNA Structure
• 14.3 Basic Characteristics of DNA Replication
• 14.4 Prokaryotic Replication
• 14.5 Eukaryotic Replication
• 14.6 DNA Repair
• 15 Genes and How They Work
• 15.1 The Nature of Genes
• 15.2 The Genetic Code
• 15.3 Prokaryotic Transcription
• 15.4 Eukaryotic Transcription
• 15.5 Eukaryotic pre-mRNA Splicing
• 15.6 The Structure of tRNA and Ribosomes
• 15.7 The Process of Translation
• 15.8 Summarizing Gene Expression
• 15.9 Mutation: Altered Genes
• 16 Control of Gene Expression
• 16.1 Control of Gene Expression
• 16.2 Regulatory Proteins
• 16.3 Prokaryotic Regulation
• 16.4 Eukaryotic Regulation
• 16.5 Chromatin Structure Affects Gene Expression
• 16.6 Eukaryotic Posttranscriptional Regulation
• 16.7 Protein Degradation
• 17 Biotechnology
• 17.1 Recombinant DNA
• 17.2 Amplifying DNA Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction
• 17.3 Creating, Correcting, and Analyzing Genetic Variation
• 17.4 Constructing and Using Transgenic Organisms
• 17.5 Environmental Applications
• 17.6 Medical Applications
• 17.7 Agricultural Applications
• 18 Genomics
• 18.1 Mapping Genomes
• 18.2 Sequencing Genomes
• 18.3 Genome Projects
• 18.4 Genome Annotation and Databases
• 18.5 Comparative and Functional Genomics
• 18.6 Applications of Genomics
• 19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development
• 19.1 The Process of Development
• 19.2 Cell Division
• 19.3 Cell Differentiation
• 19.4 Nuclear Reprogramming
• 19.5 Pattern Formation
• 19.6 Evolution of Pattern Formation
• 19.7 Morphogenesis
• Part IV Evolution
• 20 Genes Within Populations
• 20.1 Genetic Variation and Evolution
• 20.2 Changes in Allele Frequency
• 20.3 Five Agents of Evolutionary Change
• 20.4 Quantifying Natural Selection
• 20.5 Reproductive Strategies
• 20.6 Natural Selection’s Role in Maintaining Variation
• 20.7 Selection Acting on Traits Affected by Multiple Genes
• 20.8 Experimental Studies of Natural Selection
• 20.9 Interactions Among Evolutionary Forces
• 20.10 The Limits of Selection
• 21 The Evidence for Evolution
• 21.1 The Beaks of Darwin’s Finches: Evidence of Natural Selection
• 21.2 Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism: More Evidence of Selection
• 21.3 Artificial Selection: Human-Initiated Change
• 21.4 Fossil Evidence of Evolution
• 21.5 Anatomical Evidence for Evolution
• 21.6 Convergent Evolution and the Biogeographical Record
• 21.7 Darwin’s Critics
• 22 The Origin of Species
• 22.1 The Nature of Species and the Biological Species Concept
• 22.2 Natural Selection and Reproductive Isolation
• 22.3 The Role of Genetic Drift and Natural Selection in Speciation
• 22.4 The Geography of Speciation
• 22.5 Adaptive Radiation and Biological Diversity
• 22.6 The Pace of Evolution
• 22.7 Speciation and Extinction Through Time
• 23 Systematics, Phylogenies, and Comparative Biology
• 23.1 Systematics
• 23.2 Cladistics
• 23.3 Systematics and Classification
• 23.4 Phylogenetics and Comparative Biology
• 23.5 Phylogenetics and Disease Evolution
• 24 Genome Evolution
• 24.1 Comparative Genomics
• 24.2 Genome Size
• 24.3 Evolution Within Genomes
• 24.4 Gene Function and Expression Patterns
• 24.5 Applying Comparative Genomics
• Part V Diversity of Life on Earth
• 25 The Origin and Diversity of Life
• 25.1 Deep Time
• 25.2 Origins of Life
• 25.3 Evidence for Early Life
• 25.4 Earth’s Changing System
• 25.5 Ever-Changing Life on Earth
• 26 Viruses
• 26.1 The Nature of Viruses
• 26.2 Viral Diversity
• 26.3 Bacteriophage: Bacterial Viruses
• 26.4 Viral Diseases of Humans
• 26.5 Prions and Viroids: Infectious Subviral Particles
• 27 Prokaryotes
• 27.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
• 27.2 Prokaryotic Cell Structure
• 27.3 Prokaryotic Genetics
• 27.4 The Metabolic Diversity of Prokaryotes
• 27.5 Microbial Ecology
• 27.6 Bacterial Diseases of Humans
• 28 Protists
• 28.1 Eukaryotic Origins and Endosymbiosis
• 28.2 Overview of Protists
• 28.3 Characteristics of the Excavata
• 28.4 Characteristics of the Chromalveolata
• 28.5 Characteristics of the Rhizaria
• 28.6 Characteristics of the Archaeplastida
• 28.7 Characteristics of the Amoebozoa
• 28.8 Characteristics of the Opisthokonta
• 29 Seedless Plants
• 29.1 Origin of Land Plants
• 29.2 Bryophytes Have a Dominant Gametophyte Generation
• 29.3 Tracheophytes Have a Dominant Sporophyte Generation
• 29.4 Lycophytes Diverged from the Main Lineage of Vascular Plants
• 29.5 Pterophytes Are the Ferns and Their Relatives
• 30 Seed Plants
• 30.1 The Evolution of Seed Plants
• 30.2 Gymnosperms: Plants with “Naked Seeds”
• 30.3 Angiosperms: The Flowering Plants
• 30.4 Seeds
• 30.5 Fruits
• 31 Fungi
• 31.1 Classification of Fungi
• 31.2 Fungal Forms, Nutrition, and Reproduction
• 31.3 Fungal Ecology
• 31.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
• 31.5 Basidiomycota: The Club (Basidium) Fungi
• 31.6 Ascomycota: The Sac (Ascus) Fungi
• 31.7 Glomeromycota: Asexual Plant Symbionts
• 31.8 Zygomycota: Zygote-Producing Fungi
• 31.9 Chytridiomycota and Relatives: Fungi with Zoospores
• 31.10 Microsporidia: Unicellular Parasites
• 32 Animal Diversity and the Evolution of Body Plans
• 32.1 Some General Features of Animals
• 32.2 Evolution of the Animal Body Plan
• 32.3 Animal Phylogeny
• 32.4 Parazoa: Animals That Lack Specialized Tissues
• 32.5 Eumetazoa: Animals with True Tissues
• 32.6 The Bilateria
• 33 Protostomes
• 33.1 The Clades of Protostomes
• 33.2 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
• 33.3 Rotifers (Rotifera)
• 33.4 Mollusks (Mollusca)
• 33.5 Ribbon Worms (Nemertea)
• 33.6 Annelids (Annelida)
• 33.7 Bryozoans (Bryozoa) and Brachiopods (Brachiopoda)
• 33.8 Roundworms (Nematoda)
• 33.9 Arthropods (Arthropoda)
• 34 Deuterostomes
• 34.1 Echinoderms
• 34.2 Chordates
• 34.3 Nonvertebrate Chordates
• 34.4 Vertebrate Chordates
• 34.5 Fishes
• 34.6 Amphibians
• 34.7 Reptiles
• 34.8 Birds
• 34.9 Mammals
• 34.10 Evolution of the Primates
• Part VI Plant Form and Function
• 35 Plant Form
• 35.1 Organization of the Plant Body: An Overview
• 35.2 Plant Tissues
• 35.3 Roots: Anchoring and Absorption Structures
• 35.4 Stems: Support for Above-Ground Organs
• 35.5 Leaves: Photosynthetic Organs
• 36 Transport in Plants
• 36.1 Transport Mechanisms
• 36.2 Water and Mineral Absorption
• 36.3 Xylem Transport
• 36.4 Rate of Transpiration
• 36.5 Water-Stress Responses
• 36.6 Phloem Transport
• 37 Plant Nutrition and Soils
• 37.1 Soils: The Substrates on Which Plants Depend
• 37.2 Plant Nutrients
• 37.3 Special Nutritional Strategies
• 37.4 Carbon–Nitrogen Balance and Global Change
• 37.5 Phytoremediation
• 38 Plant Defense Responses
• 38.1 Physical Defenses
• 38.2 Chemical Defenses
• 38.3 Animals That Protect Plants
• 38.4 Systemic Responses to Invaders
• 39 Sensory Systems in Plants
• 39.1 Responses to Light
• 39.2 Responses to Gravity
• 39.3 Responses to Mechanical Stimuli
• 39.4 Responses to Water and Temperature
• 39.5 Hormones and Sensory Systems
• 40 Plant Reproduction
• 40.1 Reproductive Development
• 40.2 Making Flowers
• 40.3 Structure and Evolution of Flowers
• 40.4 Pollination and Fertilization
• 40.5 Embryo Development
• 40.6 Germination
• 40.7 Asexual Reproduction
• 40.8 Plant Life Spans
• Part VII Animal Form and Function
• 41 The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation
• 41.1 Organization of Animal Bodies
• 41.2 Epithelial Tissue
• 41.3 Connective Tissue
• 41.4 Muscle Tissue
• 41.5 Nerve Tissue
• 41.6 Overview of Vertebrate Organ Systems
• 41.7 Homeostasis
• 41.8 Regulating Body Temperature
• 42 The Nervous System
• 42.1 Nervous System Organization
• 42.2 The Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Transmission
• 42.3 Synapses: Where Neurons Communicate with Other Cells
• 42.4 The Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord
• 42.5 The Peripheral Nervous System: Spinal and Cranial Nerves
• 43 Sensory Systems
• 43.1 Overview of Sensory Receptors
• 43.2 Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors, and Electromagnetic Receptors: Temperature, Pain, and Magnetic Fields
• 43.3 Mechanoreceptors I: Touch, Pressure, and Body Position
• 43.4 Mechanoreceptors II: Hearing, Vibration, and Balance
• 43.5 Chemoreceptors: Taste, Smell, and pH
• 43.6 Vision
• 43.7 Evolution and Development of Eyes
• 44 The Endocrine System
• 44.1 Regulation of Body Processes by Chemical Messengers
• 44.2 Overview of Hormone Action
• 44.3 The Pituitary and Hypothalamus: The Body’s Control Centers
• 44.4 The Major Peripheral Endocrine Glands
• 44.5 Other Hormones and Their Effects
• 45 The Musculoskeletal System
• 45.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
• 45.2 A Closer Look at Bone
• 45.3 Joints
• 45.4 Muscle Contraction
• 45.5 Vertebrate Skeleton Evolution and Modes of Locomotion
• 46 The Digestive System
• 46.1 Types of Digestive Systems
• 46.2 The Mouth and Teeth: Food Capture and Bulk Processing
• 46.3 The Esophagus and the Stomach: The Early Stagesof Digestion
• 46.4 The Intestines: Breakdown, Absorption, and Elimination
• 46.5 Accessory Organ Function
• 46.6 Neural and Hormonal Regulation of the Digestive Tract
• 46.7 Food Energy, Energy Expenditure, and Essential Nutrients
• 46.8 Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems
• 47 The Respiratory System
• 47.1 Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Surfaces
• 47.2 Gills, Cutaneous Respiration, and Tracheal Systems
• 47.3 Lungs
• 47.4 Structures, Mechanisms, and Control of Ventilation in Mammals
• 47.5 Transport of Gases in Body Fluids
• 48 The Circulatory System
• 48.1 Invertebrate Circulatory Systems
• 48.2 The Components of Vertebrate Blood
• 48.3 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
• 48.4 Cardiac Cycle, Electrical Conduction, ECG, and Cardiac Output
• 48.5 Blood Pressure and Blood Vessels
• 49 Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System
• 49.1 Osmolarity and Osmotic Balance
• 49.2 Nitrogenous Wastes: Ammonia, Urea, and Uric Acid
• 49.3 Osmoregulatory Organs
• 49.4 Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney
• 49.5 The Mammalian Kidney
• 49.6 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
• 50 The Immune System
• 50.1 Innate Immunity
• 50.2 Adaptive Immunity
• 50.3 Cell-Mediated Immunity
• 50.4 Humoral Immunity and Antibody Production
• 50.5 Autoimmunity and Hypersensitivity
• 50.6 Antibodies in Medical Treatment and Diagnosis
• 50.7 Pathogens That Evade the Immune System
• 51 The Reproductive System
• 51.1 Animal Reproductive Strategies
• 51.2 Vertebrate Fertilization and Development
• 51.3 Structure and Function of the Human Male Reproductive System
• 51.4 Structure and Function of the Human Female Reproductive System
• 51.5 Contraception and Infertility Treatments
• 52 Animal Development
• 52.1 Fertilization
• 52.2 Cleavage and the Blastula Stage
• 52.3 Gastrulation
• 52.4 Organogenesis
• 52.5 Vertebrate Axis and Pattern Formation
• 52.6 Human Development
• Part VIII Ecology and Behavior
• 53 Behavioral Biology
• 53.1 The Natural History of Behavior
• 53.2 Nerve Cells, Neurotransmitters, Hormones, and Behavior
• 53.3 Behavioral Genetics
• 53.4 Learning
• 53.5 The Development of Behavior
• 53.6 Animal Cognition
• 53.7 Orientation and Migratory Behavior
• 53.8 Animal Communication
• 53.9 Behavior and Evolution
• 53.10 Behavioral Ecology
• 53.11 Reproductive Strategies
• 53.12 Altruism
• 53.13 The Evolution of Group Living and Animal Societies
• 54 Ecology of Individuals and Populations
• 54.1 The Environmental Challenges
• 54.2 Populations: Groups of a Single Species in One Place
• 54.3 Population Demography and Dynamics
• 54.4 Life History and the Cost of Reproduction
• 54.5 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
• 54.6 Factors That Regulate Populations
• 54.7 Human Population Growth
• 55 Community Ecology
• 55.1 Biological Communities: Species Living Together
• 55.2 The Ecological Niche Concept
• 55.3 Predator–Prey Relationships
• 55.4 The Many Types of Species Interactions
• 55.5 Ecological Succession, Disturbance, and Species Richness
• 56 Dynamics of Ecosystems
• 56.1 Biogeochemical Cycles
• 56.2 The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems
• 56.3 Trophic-Level Interactions
• 56.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability
• 56.5 Island Biogeography
• 57 The Biosphere and Human Impacts
• 57.1 Ecosystem Effects of Sun, Wind, and Water
• 57.2 Earth’s Biomes
• 57.3 Freshwater Habitats
• 57.4 Marine Habitats
• 57.5 Human Impacts on the Biosphere: Pollution and Resource Depletion
• 57.6 Human Impacts on the Biosphere: Climate Change
• 58 Conservation Biology
• 58.1 Overview of the Biodiversity Crisis
• 58.2 The Value of Biodiversity
• 58.3 Factors Responsible for Extinction
• 58.4 An Evolutionary Perspective on the Biodiversity Crisis
• 58.5 Approaches for Preserving Endangered Species and Ecosystems

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