Chemistry for today general organic and biochemistry 9th Edition by Spencer Seager, Michael Slabaugh 9798214357003

Chemistry for today : general, organic, and biochemistry 9th Edition by Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh – Ebook PDF Instant Download/DeliveryISBN:  9798214357003 

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ISBN-13 :  9798214357003

Author : Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh 

Develop the problem-solving and critical-thinking skills you need to succeed in your course and allied health career with CHEMISTRY FOR TODAY: GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOCHEMISTRY, Ninth Edition. The book’s accessible writing style and real-life applications and case studies will help you appreciate the role that chemistry plays in your daily life and help dispel any fear you may have of chemistry. In addition, the book’s examples of chemistry questions found on allied health professional program entrance examinations and the career information provided on the companion website will help you set goals and focus on achieving them. Finally, this proven text integrates online learning tools that will turn your study time into experiences with chemistry — helping you gain a true understanding of chemical concepts.

Chemistry for today : general, organic, and biochemistry 9th Table of contents:

Chapter 1. Matter, Measurements, and Calculations
Case Study
1.1. What Is Matter?
1.2. Properties and Changes
1.3. A Model of Matter
1.4. Classifying Matter
1.5. Measurement Units
1.6. The Metric System
1.7. Large and Small Numbers
1.8. Significant Figures
1.9. Using Units in Calculations
1.10. Calculating Percentages
1.11. Density
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises: What Is Matter? (Section 1.1)
Exercises: Properties and Changes (Section 1.2)
Exercises: A Model of Matter (Section 1.3)
Exercises: Classifying Matter (Section 1.4)
Exercises: Measurement Units (Section 1.5)
Exercises: The Metric System (Section 1.6)
Exercises: Large and Small Numbers (Section 1.7)
Exercises: Significant Figures (Section 1.8)
Exercises: Using Units in Calculations (Section 1.9)
Exercises: Calculating Percentages (Section 1.10)
Exercises: Density (Section 1.11)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 2. Atoms and Molecules
Case Study
2.1. Symbols and Formulas
2.2. Inside the Atom
2.3. Isotopes
2.4. Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules
2.5. Isotopes and Atomic Weights
2.6. Avogadro’s Number: The Mole
2.7. The Mole and Chemical Formulas
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Exercises: Symbols and Formulas (Section 2.1)
Exercises: Inside the Atom (Section 2.2)
Exercises: Isotopes (Section 2.3)
Exercises: Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules (Section 2.4)
Exercises: Isotopes and Atomic Weights (Section 2.5)
Exercises: Avogadro’s Number: The Mole (Section 2.6)
Exercises: The Mole and Chemical Formulas (Section 2.7)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 3. Electronic Structure and the Periodic Law
Case Study
3.1. The Periodic Law and Table
3.2. Electronic Arrangements in Atoms
3.3. The Shell Model and Chemical Properties
3.4. Electronic Configurations
3.5. Another Look at the Periodic Table
3.6. Property Trends within the Periodic Table
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Exercises: The Periodic Law and Table (Section 3.1)
Exercises: Electronic Arrangements in Atoms (Section 3.2)
Exercises: The Shell Model and Chemical Properties (Section 3.3)
Exercises: Electronic Configurations (Section 3.4)
Exercises: Another Look at the Periodic Table (Section 3.5)
Exercises: Property Trends within the Periodic Table (Section 3.6)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 4. Forces between Particles
Case Study
4.1. Noble Gas Configurations
4.2. Ionic Bonding
4.3. Ionic Compounds
4.4. Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
4.5. The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds
4.6. Covalent Bonding
4.7. Polyatomic Ions
4.8. Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
4.9. The Polarity of Covalent Molecules
4.10. More about Naming Compounds
4.11. Other Interparticle Forces
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Exercises: Noble Gas Configurations (Section 4.1)
Exercises: Ionic Bonding (Section 4.2)
Exercises: Ionic Compounds (Section 4.3)
Exercises: Naming Binary Ionic Compounds (Section 4.4)
Exercises: The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds (Section 4.5)
Exercises: Covalent Bonding (Section 4.6)
Exercises: Polyatomic Ions (Section 4.7)
Exercises: Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions (Section 4.8)
Exercises: The Polarity of Covalent Molecules (Section 4.9)
Exercises: More about Naming Compounds (Section 4.10)
Exercises: Other Interparticle Forces (Section 4.11)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 5. Chemical Reactions
Case Study
5.1. Chemical Equations
5.2. Types of Reactions
5.3. Redox Reactions
5.4. Decomposition Reactions
5.5. Combination Reactions
5.6. Replacement Reactions
5.7. Ionic Equations
5.8. Energy and Reactions
5.9. The Mole and Chemical Equations
5.10. The Limiting Reactant
5.11. Reaction Yields
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises: Chemical Equations (Section 5.1)
Exercises: Redox Reactions (Section 5.3)
Exercises: Decomposition, Combination, and Replacement Reactions (Sections 5.4, 5.5 and 5.6)
Exercises: Ionic Equations (Section 5.7)
Exercises: Energy and Reactions (Section 5.8)
Exercises: The Mole and Chemical Equations (Section 5.9)
Exercises: The Limiting Reactant (Section 5.10)
Exercises: Reaction Yields (Section 5.11)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 6. The States of Matter
Case Study
6.1. Observed Properties of Matter
6.2. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
6.3. The Solid State
6.4. The Liquid State
6.5. The Gaseous State
6.6. The Gas Laws
6.7. Pressure, Temperature, and Volume Relationships
6.8. The Ideal Gas Law
6.9. Dalton’s Law
6.10. Graham’s Law
6.11. Changes in State
6.12. Evaporation and Vapor Pressure
6.13. Boiling and the Boiling Point
6.14. Sublimation and Melting
6.15. Energy and the States of Matter
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises: Observed Properties of Matter (Section 6.1)
Exercises: The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter (Section 6.2)
Exercises: The Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous States (Sections 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5)
Exercises: The Gas Laws (Section 6.6)
Exercises: Pressure, Temperature, and Volume Relationships (Section 6.7)
Exercises: The Ideal Gas Law (Section 6.8)
Exercises: Dalton’s Law (Section 6.9)
Exercises: Graham’s Law (Section 6.10)
Exercises: Changes in State (Section 6.11)
Exercises: Evaporation and Vapor Pressure (Section 6.12)
Exercises: Boiling and the Boiling Point (Section 6.13)
Exercises: Sublimation and Melting (Section 6.14)
Exercises: Energy and the States of Matter (Section 6.15)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 7. Solutions and Colloids
Case Study
7.1. Physical States of Solutions
7.2. Solubility
7.3. The Solution Process
7.4. Solution Concentrations
7.5. Solution Preparation
7.6. Solution Stoichiometry
7.7. Solution Properties
7.8. Colloids
7.9. Dialysis
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises: Physical States of Solutions (Section 7.1)
Exercises: Solubility (Section 7.2)
Exercises: The Solution Process (Section 7.3)
Exercises: Solution Concentrations (Section 7.4)
Exercises: Solution Preparation (Section 7.5)
Exercises: Solution Stoichiometry (Section 7.6)
Exercises: Solution Properties (Section 7.7)
Exercises: Colloids (Section 7.8)
Exercises: Dialysis (Section 7.9)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 8. Reaction Rates and Equilibrium
Case Study
8.1. Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes
8.2. Reaction Rates
8.3. Molecular Collisions
8.4. Energy Diagrams
8.5. Factors That Influence Reaction Rates
8.6. Chemical Equilibrium
8.7. The Position of Equilibrium
8.8. Factors That Influence Equilibrium Position
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises: Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes (Section 8.1)
Exercises: Reaction Rates (Section 8.2)
Exercises: Molecular Collisions (Section 8.3)
Exercises: Energy Diagrams (Section 8.4)
Exercises: Factors That Influence Reaction Rates (Section 8.5)
Exercises: Chemical Equilibrium (Section 8.6)
Exercises: The Position of Equilibrium (Section 8.7)
Exercises: Factors That Influence Equilibrium Position (Section 8.8)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 9. Acids, Bases, and Salts
Case Study
9.1. The Arrhenius Theory
9.2. The Brønsted Theory
9.3. Naming Acids
9.4. The Self-Ionization of Water
9.5. The pH Concept
9.6. Properties of Acids
9.7. Properties of Bases
9.8. Salts
9.9. The Strengths of Acids and Bases
9.10. Analyzing Acids and Bases
9.11. Titration Calculations
9.12. Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts
9.13. Buffers
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises: The Arrhenius Theory (Section 9.1)
Exercises: The Brønsted Theory (Section 9.2)
Exercises: Naming Acids (Section 9.3)
Exercises: The Self-Ionization of Water (Section 9.4)
Exercises: The pH Concept (Section 9.5)
Exercises: Properties of Acids (Section 9.6)
Exercises: Properties of Bases (Section 9.7)
Exercises: Salts (Section 9.8)
Exercises: The Strengths of Acids and Bases (Section 9.9)
Exercises: Analyzing Acids and Bases (Section 9.10)
Exercises: Titration Calculations (Section 9.11)
Exercises: Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts (Section 9.12)
Exercises: Buffers (Section 9.13)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 10. Radioactivity and Nuclear Processes
Case Study
10.1. Radioactive Nuclei
10.2. Equations for Nuclear Reactions
10.3. Isotope Half-Life
10.4. The Health Effects of Radiation
10.5. Measurement Units for Radiation
10.6. Medical Uses of Radioisotopes
10.7. Nonmedical Uses of Radioisotopes
10.8. Induced Nuclear Reactions
10.9. Nuclear Energy
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises: Radioactive Nuclei (Section 10.1)
Exercises: Equations for Nuclear Reactions (Section 10.2)
Exercises: Isotope Half-Life (Section 10.3)
Exercises: The Health Effects of Radiation (Section 10.4)
Exercises: Measurement Units for Radiation (Section 10.5)
Exercises: Medical Uses of Radioisotopes (Section 10.6)
Exercises:Nonmedical Uses of Radioisotopes (Section 10.7)
Exercises: Induced Nuclear Reactions (Section 10.8)
Exercises: Nuclear Energy (Section 10.9)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 11. Organic Compounds: Alkanes
Case Study
11.1. Carbon: The Element of Organic Compounds
11.2. Organic and Inorganic Compounds Compared
11.3. Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism
11.4. Functional Groups: The Organization of Organic Chemistry
11.5. Alkane Structures
11.6. Conformations of Alkanes
11.7. Alkane Nomenclature
11.8. Cycloalkanes
11.9. The Shape of Cycloalkanes
11.10. Physical Properties of Alkanes
11.11. Alkane Reactions
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Equations
Exercises: Carbon: The Element of Organic Compounds (Section 11.1)
Exercises: Organic and Inorganic Compounds Compared (Section 11.2)
Exercises: Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism (Section 11.3)
Exercises: Functional Groups: The Organization of Organic Chemistry (Section 11.4)
Exercises: Alkane Structures (Section 11.5)
Exercises: Conformations of Alkanes (Section 11.6)
Exercises: Alkane Nomenclature (Section 11.7)
Exercises: Cycloalkanes (Section 11.8)
Exercises: The Shape of Cycloalkanes (Section 11.9)
Exercises: Physical Properties of Alkanes (Section 11.10)
Exercises: Alkane Reactions (Section 11.11)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 12. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Case Study
12.1. The Nomenclature of Alkenes
12.2. The Geometry of Alkenes
12.3. Properties of Alkenes
12.3A. Physical Properties
12.3B. Chemical Properties
12.4. Addition Polymers
12.5. Alkynes
12.6. Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene Structure
12.7. The Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
12.8. Properties and Uses of Aromatic Compounds
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: The Nomenclature of Alkenes (Section 12.1) and Alkynes (Section 12.5)
Exercises: The Geometry of Alkenes (Section 12.2)
Exercises: Properties of Alkenes (Section 12.3)
Exercises: Addition Polymers (Section 12.4)
Exercises: Alkynes (Section 12.5)
Exercises: Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene Structure (Section 12.6)
Exercises: The Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives (Section 12.7)
Exercises: Properties and Uses of Aromatic Compounds (Section 12.8)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 13. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Case Study
13.1. The Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
13.2. Classification of Alcohols
13.3. Physical Properties of Alcohols
13.4. Reactions of Alcohols
13.4A. Dehydration to Produce an Alkene
13.4B. Dehydration to Produce an Ether
13.4C. Oxidation
13.4D. Multistep Reactions
13.5. Important Alcohols
13.6. Characteristics and Uses of Phenols
13.7. Ethers
13.8. Properties of Ethers
13.9. Thiols
13.10. Polyfunctional Compounds
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: The Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols (Section 13.1)
Exercises: Classification of Alcohols (Section 13.2)
Exercises: Physical Properties of Alcohols (Section 13.3)
Exercises: Reactions of Alcohols (Section 13.4)
Exercises: Important Alcohols (Section 13.5)
Exercises: Characteristics and Uses of Phenols (Section 13.6)
Exercises: Ethers (Section 13.7)
Exercises: Properties of Ethers (Section 13.8)
Exercises: Thiols (Section 13.9)
Exercises: Polyfunctional Compounds (Section 13.10)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 14. Aldehydes and Ketones
Case Study
14.1. The Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
14.2. Physical Properties
14.3. Chemical Properties
14.3A. Oxidation
14.3B. The Addition of Hydrogen
14.3C. The Addition of Alcohols
14.4. Important Aldehydes and Ketones
14.4A. Formaldehyde:
14.4B. Acetone:
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: The Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones (Section 14.1)
Exercises: Physical Properties (Section 14.2)
Exercises: Chemical Properties (Section 14.3)
Exercises: Important Aldehydes and Ketones (Section 14.4)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 15. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Case Study
15.1. The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
15.2. Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
15.3. The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
15.4. Salts of Carboxylic Acids
15.4A. Nomenclature
15.4B. Useful Carboxylic Acid Salts
15.5. Carboxylic Esters
15.6. The Nomenclature of Esters
15.7. Reactions of Esters
15.7A. Ester Hydrolysis
15.7B. Saponification
15.8. Esters of Inorganic Acids
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids (Section 15.1)
Exercises: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids (Section 15.2)
Exercises: The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids (Section 15.3)
Exercises: Salts of Carboxylic Acids (Section 15.4)
Exercises: Carboxylic Esters (Section 15.5)
Exercises: The Nomenclature of Esters (Section 15.6)
Exercises: Reactions of Esters (Section 15.7)
Exercises: Esters of Inorganic Acids (Section 15.8)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 16. Amines and Amides
Case Study
16.1. Classification of Amines
16.2. The Nomenclature of Amines
16.3. Physical Properties of Amines
16.4. Chemical Properties of Amines
16.4A. Basicity and Amine Salts
16.4B. Amide Formation
16.5. Amines as Neurotransmitters
16.6. Other Biologically Important Amines
16.6A. Epinephrine
16.6B. Amphetamines
16.6C. Alkaloids
16.7. The Nomenclature of Amides
16.8. Physical Properties of Amides
16.9. Chemical Properties of Amides
16.9A. Neutrality
16.9B. Amide Hydrolysis
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: Classification of Amines (Section 16.1)
Exercises: The Nomenclature of Amines (Section 16.2)
Exercises: Physical Properties of Amines (Section 16.3)
Exercises: Chemical Properties of Amines (Section 16.4)
Exercises: Amines as Neurotransmitters (Section 16.5)
Exercises: Other Biologically Important Amines (Section 16.6)
Exercises: The Nomenclature of Amides (Section 16.7)
Exercises: Physical Properties of Amides (Section 16.8)
Exercises: Chemical Properties of Amides (Section 16.9)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 17. Carbohydrates
Case Study
17.1. Classes of Carbohydrates
17.2. The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates
17.3. Fischer Projections
17.4. Monosaccharides
17.5. Properties of Monosaccharides
17.5A. Physical Properties
17.5B. Chemical Properties, Cyclic Forms
17.5C. Oxidation
17.5D. Phosphate Esters
17.5E. Glycoside Formation
17.6. Important Monosaccharides
17.6A. Ribose and Deoxyribose
17.6B. Glucose
17.6C. Galactose
17.6D. Fructose
17.7. Disaccharides
17.7A. Maltose
17.7B. Lactose
17.7C. Sucrose
17.8. Polysaccharides
17.8A. Starch
17.8B. Glycogen
17.8C. Cellulose
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: Classes of Carbohydrates (Section 17.1)
Exercises: The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates (Section 17.2)
Exercises: Fischer Projections (Section 17.3)
Exercises: Monosaccharides (Section 17.4)
Exercises: Properties of Monosaccharides (Section 17.5)
Exercises: Important Monosaccharides (Section 17.6)
Exercises: Disaccharides (Section 17.7)
Exercises: Polysaccharides (Section 17.8)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 18. Lipids
Case Study
18.1. Classification of Lipids
18.2. Fatty Acids
18.3. The Structure of Fats and Oils
18.4. Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils
18.4A. Hydrolysis
18.4B. Saponification
18.4C. Hydrogenation
18.5. Waxes
18.6. Phosphoglycerides
18.7. Sphingolipids
18.8. Biological Membranes
18.8A. Cell Structure
18.8B. Membrane Structure
18.9. Steroids
18.9A. Cholesterol
18.9B. Bile Salts
18.10. Steroid Hormones
18.10A. Adrenocorticoid Hormones
18.10B. Sex Hormones
18.11. Prostaglandins
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: Introduction and Classification of Lipids (Section 18.1)
Exercises: Fatty Acids (Section 18.2)
Exercises: The Structure of Fats and Oils (Section 18.3)
Exercises: Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils (Section 18.4)
Exercises: Waxes (Section 18.5)
Exercises: Phosphoglycerides (Section 18.6)
Exercises: Sphingolipids (Section 18.7)
Exercises: Biological Membranes (Section 18.8)
Exercises: Steroids (Section 18.9)
Exercises: Steroid Hormones (Section 18.10)
Exercises: Prostaglandins (Section 18.11)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 19. Proteins
Case Study
19.1. The Amino Acids
19.1A. Structure
19.1B. Stereochemistry
19.2. Zwitterions
19.3. Reactions of Amino Acids
19.3A. Oxidation of Cysteine
19.3B. Peptide Formation
19.4. Important Peptides
19.5. Characteristics of Proteins
19.5A. Size
19.5B. Acid–Base Properties
19.5C. Protein Function
19.5D. Classification
19.5E. Protein Structure
19.6. The Primary Structure of Proteins
19.7. The Secondary Structure of Proteins
19.7A. The α -Helix
19.7B. The β -Pleated Sheet
19.8. The Tertiary Structure of Proteins
19.9. The Quaternary Structure of Proteins
19.10. Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
19.10A. Hydrolysis
19.10B. Denaturation
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: The Amino Acids (Section 19.1)
Exercises: Zwitterions (Section 19.2)
Exercises: Reactions of Amino Acids (Section 19.3)
Exercises: Important Peptides (Section 19.4)
Exercises: Characteristics of Proteins (Section 19.5)
Exercises: The Primary Structure of Proteins (Section 19.6)
Exercises: The Secondary Structure of Proteins (Section 19.7)
Exercises: The Tertiary Structure of Proteins (Section 19.8)
Exercises: The Quaternary Structure of Proteins (Section 19.9)
Exercises: Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation (Section 19.10)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 20. Enzymes
Case Study
20.1. General Characteristics of Enzymes
20.1A. Catalytic Efficiency
20.1B. Specificity
20.1C. Regulation
20.2. Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification
20.3. Enzyme Cofactors
20.4. The Mechanism of Enzyme Action
20.5. Enzyme Activity
20.6. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
20.6A. Enzyme Concentration
20.6B. Substrate Concentration
20.6C. Temperature
20.6D. The Effect of pH
20.7. Enzyme Inhibition
20.7A. Irreversible Inhibition
20.7B. Reversible Inhibition
20.8. The Regulation of Enzyme Activity
20.8A. The Activation of Zymogens
20.8B. Allosteric Regulation
20.8C. Genetic Control
20.9. Medical Application of Enzymes
20.9A. Enzymes in Clinical Diagnosis
20.9B. Isoenzymes
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: General Characteristics of Enzymes (Section 20.1)
Exercises: Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification (Section 20.2)
Exercises: Enzyme Cofactors (Section 20.3)
Exercises: The Mechanism of Enzyme Action (Section 20.4)
Exercises: Enzyme Activity (Section 20.5)
Exercises: Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (Section 20.6)
Exercises: Enzyme Inhibition (Section 20.7)
Exercises: The Regulation of Enzyme Activity (Section 20.8)
Exercises: Medical Application of Enzymes (Section 20.9)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 21. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Case Study
21.1. Components of Nucleic Acids
21.2. The Structure of DNA
21.2A. The Secondary Structure of DNA
21.3. DNA Replication
21.4. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
21.4A. Messenger RNA
21.4B. Ribosomal RNA
21.4C. Transfer RNA
21.5. The Flow of Genetic Information
21.6. Transcription: RNA Synthesis
21.7. The Genetic Code
21.7A. Discovery of the Genetic Code
21.7B. Characteristics of the Genetic Code
21.8. Translation and Protein Synthesis
21.8A. Initiation of the Polypeptide Chain
21.8B. Elongation of the Chain
21.8C. The Termination of Polypeptide Synthesis
21.9. Mutations
21.10. Recombinant DNA
21.10A. Enzymes Used in Genetic Engineering
21.10B. Plasmids
21.10C. The Formation of Recombinant DNA
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Exercises: Components of Nucleic Acids (Section 21.1)
Exercises: The Structure of DNA (Section 21.2)
Exercises: DNA Replication (Section 21.3)
Exercises: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) (Section 21.4)
Exercises: The Flow of Genetic Information (Section 21.5)
Exercises: Transcription: RNA Synthesis (Section 21.6)
Exercises: The Genetic Code (Section 21.7)
Exercises: Translation and Protein Synthesis (Section 21.8)
Exercises: Mutations (Section 21.9)
Exercises: Recombinant DNA (Section 21.10)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 22. Nutrition and Energy for Life
Case Study
22.1. Nutritional Requirements
22.2. The Macronutrients
22.2A. Carbohydrates
22.2B. Lipids
22.2C. Proteins
22.3. Micronutrients I: Vitamins
22.4. Micronutrients II: Minerals
22.5. The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere
22.6. Metabolism and an Overview of Energy Production
22.6A. Metabolism
22.6B. The Catabolism of Food
22.7. ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier
22.7A. The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP
22.7B. The ATP–ADP Cycle
22.7C. Mitochondria
22.8. Important Coenzymes in the Common Catabolic Pathway
22.8A. Coenzyme A
22.8B. The Coenzymes NAD + and FAD
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: Nutritional Requirements (Section 22.1)
Exercises: The Macronutrients (Section 22.2)
Exercises: Micronutrients I: Vitamins (Section 22.3)
Exercises: Micronutrients II: Minerals (Section 22.4)
Exercises: The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere (Section 22.5)
Exercises: Metabolism and an Overview of Energy Production (Section 22.6)
Exercises: ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier (Section 22.7)
Exercises: Important Coenzymes in the Common Catabolic Pathway (Section 22.8)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 23. Carbohydrate Metabolism
Case Study
23.1. The Digestion of Carbohydrates
23.2. Blood Glucose
23.3. Glycolysis
23.3A. The Regulation of Glycolysis
23.4. The Fates of Pyruvate
23.4A. Oxidation to Acetyl CoA
23.4B. Reduction to Lactate
23.4C. Reduction to Ethanol
23.5. The Citric Acid Cycle
23.5A. Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
23.5B. A Summary of the Citric Acid Cycle
23.5C. Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
23.6. The Electron Transport Chain
23.7. Oxidative Phosphorylation
23.8. The Complete Oxidation of Glucose
23.9. Glycogen Metabolism
23.9A. Glycogen Synthesis
23.9B. Glycogen Breakdown
23.10. Gluconeogenesis
23.11. The Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: The Digestion of Carbohydrates (Section 23.1)
Exercises: Blood Glucose (Section 23.2)
Exercises: Glycolysis (Section 23.3)
Exercises: The Fates of Pyruvate (Section 23.4)
Exercises: The Citric Acid Cycle (Section 23.5)
Exercises: The Electron Transport Chain (Section 23.6)
Exercises: Oxidative Phosphorylation (Section 23.7)
Exercises: The Complete Oxidation of Glucose (Section 23.8)
Exercises: Glycogen Metabolism (Section 23.9)
Exercises: Gluconeogenesis (Section 23.10)
Exercises: The Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism (Section 23.11)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 24. Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
Case Study
24.1. Blood Lipids
24.2. Fat Mobilization
24.3. Glycerol Metabolism
24.4. The Oxidation of Fatty Acids
24.5. The Energy from Fatty Acids
24.6. Ketone Bodies
24.7. Fatty Acid Synthesis
24.8. Amino Acid Metabolism
24.9. Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Nitrogen Atoms
24.9A. Stage 1: Transamination
24.9B. Stage 2: Deamination
24.9C. Stage 3: Urea Formation
24.10. Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Carbon Skeleton
24.11. Amino Acid Biosynthesis
Case Study Follow-up
Concept Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Key Reactions
Exercises: Blood Lipids (Section 24.1)
Exercises: Fat Mobilization (Section 24.2)
Exercises: Glycerol Metabolism (Section 24.3)
Exercises: The Oxidation of Fatty Acids (Section 24.4)
Exercises: The Energy from Fatty Acids (Section 24.5)
Exercises: Ketone Bodies (Section 24.6)
Exercises: Fatty Acid Synthesis (Section 24.7)
Exercises: Amino Acid Metabolism (Section 24.8)
Exercises: Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Nitrogen Atoms (Section 24.9)
Exercises: Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Carbon Skeleton (Section 24.10)
Exercises: Amino Acid Biosynthesis (Section 24.11)
Exercises: Additional Exercises
Exercises: Chemistry for Thought
Exercises: Allied Health Exam Connection
Chapter 25. Body Fluids
Case Study
25.1. A Comparison of Body Fluids
25.2. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
25.3. Chemical Transport to the Cells
25.4. The Constituents of Urine
25.5. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
25.6. Acid–Base Balance
25.7. Buffer Control of Blood pH
25.8. Respiratory Control of Blood pH
25.9. Urinary Control of Blood pH
25.10. Acidosis and Alkalosis
25.10A. Respiratory Alkalosis
25.10B. Respiratory Acidosis
25.10C. Metabolic Acidosis
25.10D. Metabolic Alkalosis

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