Critical Materials Materials Today 1st edition by Alexander King 0128187905 9780128187906

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Product details:

ISBN-10 :  0128187905 

ISBN-13 :  9780128187906

Author : Alexander King 

Critical Materials takes a case-study approach, describing materials supply-chain failures from the bronze age to present day. It looks at why these failures occurred, what the consequences were, and how they were resolved. It identifies key lessons to guide responses to current and anticipated materials shortages at a time when the world’s growing middle class is creating unprecedented demand for manufactured products and the increasingly exotic materials that go into them. This book serves as a guide to materials researchers and industrial end-users for finding effective approaches to shortages of specialty materials.

Critical Materials (Materials Today) 1st Table of contents:

1: What happened to the rare earths? Monopoly, price shock, and the idea of a critical material
Abstract
The essentiality of the rare earths
Rare earth sources
Rare earth supply challenges—2005–15
After the price spike
Lessons learned: The price spike in hindsight
Coda: Every challenge is also an opportunity
2: This is not new. A short history of materials criticality and supply-chain challenges
Abstract
Copper and the end of the Bronze Age (~ 1200 BCE)
The Venetian monopoly on glass
Cordite in World War I (1914–18)
Silk and nylon (the 1930s and 1940s)
World War II (1939–45)
Old lead (1978)
Cobalt (1978)
Niobium (1979)
Molybdenum (1980 and 2004)
Tantalum (1997, 2000, and 2008)
Photovoltaic silicon (mid-2000s)
Rhenium (2006–08)
Lessons learned
3: Assessing the risks
Abstract
Defining critical materials
Assessments of materials criticality
Consistency and contrast
Variation of criticality over time
Regional perspectives on criticality
Indicators of criticality
What does criticality mean?
Consequences of criticality
Tipping points. What takes us from criticality to crisis?
Lessons learned
What will we need?
4: What changed after the rare earth crisis?
Abstract
Impacts of the rare earth crisis
Conflicts and conflict resolution
The supply side
The demand side
Postcrisis rare earth prices and utilization
Lessons learned
5: Mitigating criticality, part I: Material substitution
Abstract
The challenge of inventing materials on demand
Improving the forecast
Using existing materials
Increasing the speed of new material discovery and deployment
Lessons learned
6: Mitigating criticality, part II: Source diversification
Abstract
How are mines developed?
Conventional mines
Unconventional sources
Coproduction
Progress since the rare earth crisis
Lessons learned
7: Mitigating criticality, part III: Improving the stewardship of existing supplies
Abstract
Urban mines versus conventional mines
Regulatory versus economic drivers
Reducing manufacturing waste
In-process recycling
End-of-life recycling
Recycling as a response to criticality: Successes and failures
What fraction of current need can be met by recycling?
Emerging targets for recycling
Potentially viable recycling technologies
Lessons learned
8: Tactics and strategies for the future
Abstract
What have we learned?
Time is the biggest challenge
Summary
Epilog: Criticality in the time of coronavirus

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