Electrochemical Power Sources Fundamentals Systems and Applications Metal Air Batteries Present and Perspectives 1st edition by Hajime Arai 0444643346 9780444643346

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ISBN-10 :  0444643346 

ISBN-13 : 9780444643346

Author:  Hajime Arai 

Metal-air is a promising battery system that uses inexpensive metals for its negative electrode while unlimited, free and non-toxic oxygen is used for its positive electrode, however, only primary systems have been commercialized so far. Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications – Metal–Air Batteries: Present and Perspectives offers a comprehensive understanding of metal-air batteries as well as the solutions to the issues for overcoming the related difficulties of the secondary (rechargeable) system. Although metal-air batteries are widely studied as low-cost high-energy systems, their commercialization is limited to primary ones due to currently limited cycle life and insufficient reliability. For realization of the secondary systems, this book offers comprehensive understanding of metal-air batteries, including the details of both electrodes, electrolyte, cell/system, modelling and applications.

Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications: Metal-Air Batteries: Present and Perspectives 1st Table of contents:

1 – Introduction—general features of metal-air batteries
1.1 Concept
1.1.1 Basics
1.1.2 Classification
1.2 Main components
1.2.1 Metal electrode
1.2.2 Electrolyte
1.2.3 Air electrode
1.2.4 Separator
1.2.5 Subsystem
1.3 Performances
References
2 – Components: metal-air batteries
2.1 Metal anodes
2.1.1 Aqueous system
2.1.1.1 Zinc (Zn)
2.1.1.1.1 Zinc for primary batteries
2.1.1.1.2 Zinc for secondary batteries
2.1.1.2 Iron (Fe)
2.1.1.3 Magnesium (Mg)
2.1.1.4 Aluminum (Al)
2.1.2 Nonaqueous system
2.1.2.1 Lithium (Li)
2.1.2.2 Sodium (Na)
2.2 Air cathodes
2.2.1 Air electrode in a Zn-air primary battery
2.2.2 Air electrode in a Zn-air secondary battery
2.2.3 O2 electrodes in Li-O2 batteries
2.3 Electrolytes
2.3.1 Aqueous system
2.3.2 Nonaqueous system
References
3 – Primary zinc-air batteries
3.1 General overview
3.2 History
3.3 The electrochemistry behind ZABs
3.3.1 Zinc electrode
3.3.2 Air electrode
3.4 Safety and environmental impact
3.5 Summary and outlook
References
4 – Alternative chemistries in primary metal-air batteries
4.1 A general overview of primary metal-air batteries
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Aqueous metal-air batteries
4.1.2.1 Electrochemical processes
4.1.2.2 Self-corrosion of anode
4.1.2.3 Metallurgical factors in corrosion
4.1.3 Nonaqueous metal-air batteries
4.1.4 ORR catalysts and gas diffusion cathodes
4.2 Magnesium-air batteries
4.2.1 History
4.2.2 Mg-air battery and Mg electrochemistry
4.2.3 Anodes for Mg-air batteries
4.2.4 Electrolyte additives for Mg-air batteries
4.2.5 Air electrodes for Mg-air batteries
4.3 Aluminum-air batteries
4.3.1 History
4.3.2 Al-air battery and the Al electrochemistry
4.3.3 Anodes for Al-air batteries
4.3.4 Air electrodes for Al-air batteries
4.3.5 Electrolytes for Al-air batteries
4.3.5.1 Aqueous electrolyte
4.3.5.2 Nonaqueous electrolyte
4.4 Silicon-air batteries
4.4.1 Aqueous electrolyte
4.4.2 Nonaqueous electrolyte
4.5 Challenges and perspectives
References
5 – Secondary aqueous zinc-air battery—Electrically rechargeable
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cell design
5.3 Zinc electrode
5.3.1 Shape change of the zinc electrode
5.3.2 Formation of zinc dendrites
5.3.3 Influencing the shape of metallic zinc deposits
5.3.4 Electrode design
5.4 Separator
5.5 Oxygen/air electrodes
5.6 Summary and outlook
References
6 – Secondary zinc-air batteries – mechanically rechargeable
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Zinc solubility in the alkaline electrolyte of mechanically rechargeable systems
6.3 Zinc-air batteries with slurry electrodes
6.3.1 Characteristics of zinc slurry electrodes
6.3.2 Development at Compagnie Générale d’Electricité (CGE)
6.3.3 Activity at the continental Group, Inc., Energy Systems Laboratory (ESL)
6.3.4 Technology at Pinnacle Research Institute (PRI)
6.4 Zinc-air batteries operated beyond the zincate solubility limit
6.5 Zinc-air batteries using a static bed of zinc particles
6.5.1 Development at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)
6.5.2 Development at Metallic Power/ZincNyx/MGX renewables
6.6 Zinc-air batteries with mechanical recharge at Electric Fuel Limited (EFL)
6.7 State of charge determination
6.8 Conclusions
References
7 – Secondary lithium and other alkali-air batteries
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamentals of nonaqueous Li-O2 chemistry
7.3 Challenges in nonaqueous Li-O2 batteries
7.3.1 Highly reactive oxygen species
7.3.1.1 Superoxide
7.3.1.2 Peroxide
7.3.1.3 Singlet oxygen
7.4 Electrochemically “irreversible” products
7.5 The unstable lithium anode
7.6 Developments in nonaqueous Li-O2 batteries
7.6.1 Electrolytes
7.6.1.1 Solvent design with hydrogen-site substitution
7.6.1.2 Concentrated electrolytes
7.6.1.3 Inorganic molten salts
7.6.1.4 Ionic liquids
7.6.2 Cathode host materials
7.6.2.1 Surface-coated carbon cathodes
7.6.2.2 Noncarbonaceous cathodes
7.6.2.3 “Closed” systems that operate without oxygen ingress or egress
7.6.3 Catalysts
7.6.3.1 Heterogeneous catalysts
7.6.3.2 Homogeneous catalysts
7.6.4 Anodes
7.6.4.1 Anode protection
7.6.4.2 Alternative anode materials
7.7 Aqueous Li-O2 batteries
7.7.1 Battery chemistry and challenges
7.7.2 Solid electrolytes
7.7.3 Electrocatalysts
7.7.4 Cell design
7.8 The important sister systems
7.8.1 Sodium-oxygen batteries
7.8.2 Potassium-oxygen batteries
7.9 Conclusions and outlook
References
8 – Other secondary metal-air batteries
8.1 Alternative secondary metal-air batteries—aqueous
8.1.1 General overview of alternative aqueous secondary metal-air batteries
8.1.1.1 Fe-air secondary batteries
8.1.1.2 Aqueous metal hydride-air batteries
8.1.1.3 Vanadium-air secondary batteries
8.1.1.4 Metal-air secondary batteries with hybrid electrolytes
8.2 Alternative secondary metal-air batteries—non-aqueous
8.2.1 General overview of alternative nonaqueous secondary metal-air batteries
8.2.1.1 Al-air secondary battery
8.2.1.2 Ca-air secondary battery
8.2.1.3 Solid oxide Fe-air secondary battery
8.2.1.4 Oxygen shuttle type solid oxide metal-air battery
8.3 Outlook
References
9 – Modeling and simulation of metal-air batteries
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Multiscale modeling methods for metal-air batteries
9.2.1 Thermodynamic models of chemical and electrochemical equilibrium
9.2.2 Density functional theory
9.2.3 Molecular dynamics
9.2.4 Lattice Boltzmann method
9.2.5 Volume-averaged continuum modeling
9.3 Computational materials screening
9.3.1 ORR and OER catalysts
9.3.2 Metals and metal oxides
9.3.3 Electrolytes and additives
9.4 Model-based electrode and cell design
9.4.1 Metal electrodes
9.4.2 Air electrodes
9.4.3 Cell and system design
9.5 Summary and outlook
References
10 – Applications and markets
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Principles of the applicability of electrochemical systems
10.1.2 Link between cell properties and application requirements
10.1.2.1 Important cell properties (cell level)
10.1.2.2 Important battery requirements (module level)
10.1.2.3 Relations between the two parameter sets
10.1.3 Operating principles
10.1.4 Hybrid solutions using other electrochemical systems
10.2 Applications
10.2.1 Applications for primary batteries
10.2.1.1 Zn–air hearing aids
10.2.1.2 Aluminum–air batteries
10.2.1.3 Magnesium–air batteries
10.2.2 Applications for secondary batteries, mechanically refuelable
10.2.2.1 Electric Fuel Ltd.
10.2.2.2 Zoxy
10.2.3 Applications for secondary batteries, electrically charged
10.2.3.1 Zinium
10.2.3.2 Zinc8
10.2.4 Other companies
10.2.4.1 Eos
10.2.4.2 ReVolt
10.2.4.3 NantEnergy (Fluidic Energy).
10.3 Introduction availability, environmental, costs, recycling, safety
10.3.1 Material availability and environmental aspects
10.3.2 Costs
10.3.2.1 Material costs
10.3.2.2 Production costs
10.3.2.3 Operating costs
10.3.2.4 Recycling costs
10.3.3 Safety
10.4 Market: portable and stationary
10.4.1 Market for portable batteries
10.4.2 Market for electric vehicle batteries
10.4.3 Market for stationary batteries
10.5 Conclusion and outlook

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Tags: Electrochemical, Power Sources, Fundamentals, Systems, Applications, Metal Air Batteries, Present, Perspectives, Hajime Arai