(EBook PDF) Fighting the Opioid Epidemic The Role of Providers and the Clinical Laboratory in Understanding Who is Vulnerable 1st Edition by Amitava Dasgupta 0128223901 9780128223901 full chapters

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ISBN-10 :  0128223901 

ISBN-13 :  9780128223901

Author: Amitava Dasgupta 

Fighting the Opioid Epidemic: The Role of Providers and the Clinical Laboratory in Understanding Who Is Vulnerable covers the important aspects that are essential in fighting the opioid epidemic. This succinct reference highlights how the toxicology laboratory can play a vital role in fighting the opioid epidemic by implementing a robust system for drugs of abuse testing as well as drug testing in pain management patients. It targets health care professionals in a technical manner, discussing polymorphisms of important genes that may be associated with increased vulnerability of alcohol and drug addiction to an individual.

Fighting the Opioid Epidemic: The Role of Providers and the Clinical Laboratory in Understanding Who is Vulnerable 1st Table of contents:

1 – Crude Opium, Morphine, Codeine, and Heroin: Past and Present
INTRODUCTION
OPIUM USE: FROM ANCIENT TIME TO MODERN TIME
OPIUM AND POPPY PLANTS: LEGAL ISSUES
ALKALOIDS FOUND IN OPIUM
MORPHINE
CODEINE AND THEBAINE
HEROIN
Heroin Synthesis and Cutting of Heroin
White versus Brown and Black Tar Heroin
Heroin Laced with Fentanyl
Heroin Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects of Heroin
BLOOD AND URINE LEVELS OF HEROIN AND ITS METABOLITES
Treatment of Heroin Overdose and Heroin Withdrawal
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
2 – Prescription Opioids: An Overview
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF PAIN MANAGEMENT
OPIOID RECEPTORS
PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS
Opioid Prescription Pattern
MORPHINE
CODEINE
Oxycodone
HYDROCODONE
HYDROMORPHONE
OXYMORPHONE
FENTANYL
Fentanyl Derivatives
METHADONE
MEPERIDINE
TRAMADOL
TAPENTADOL
BUPRENORPHINE
LEVORPHANOL
PROPOXYPHENE
EFFECT OF SEX, AGE, ETHNICITY, AND REANAL AND HEPATIC FUNCTION ON CERTIN OPIOIDS
OTHER OPIOIDS
ABUSE-DETERRENT OPIOID FORMULATIONS
Physical/Chemical Barrier Technology
Combining an Opioid Drug with an Opioid Antagonist
Incorporation of Aversive Ingredients
Abuse-Deterrent Prodrug Formulation
Novel Drug Delivery System
COMPLIANCE WITH PRESCRIPTION OPIOID
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
3 – Opioid Abuse and Opioid Epidemic
INTRODUCTION
ANALGESIC LADDER PROPOSED BY THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
OTHER GUIDELINES IN PAIN MANAGEMENT
OPIOID ABUSE AND OPIOID-RELATED FATALITIES
WHAT CAUSED OPIOID EPIDEMIC?
Heroin Laced With Fentanyl and Fatality
WHICH OPIOIDS ARE MOST COMMONLY ABUSED?
Oxycodone Abuse
Oxymorphone Abuse
Hydrocodone or Hydromorphone Abuse
Morphine or Codeine Abuse
Fentanyl Abuse
Other Abused Opioids
COMBINED ABUSE OF OPIOIDS, OTHER DRUGS, AND ALCOHOL: A DEADLY COMBINATION
PRESCRIPTION MONITORING
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
4 – Genetic Factors Associated With Opioid Therapy and Opioid Addiction
INTRODUCTION
SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDER: ROLE OF GENE AND ENVIRONMENT
DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES
CYP FAMILY OF ENZYMES
Polymorphism of CYP2D6
Polymorphism of CYP2B6
Polymorphism of CYP2C9
Polymorphisms of Other CYP Isoenzymes
POLYMORPHISMS OF CYP2D6 AND OPIOID THERAPY
CYP2D6 Gene Polymorphism and Codeine Therapy
CYP2D6 Gene Polymorphism and Tramadol Therapy
CYP2D6 Gene Polymorphism and Therapy with Oxycodone or Hydrocodone
Methadone toxicity and pharmacogenetics issues
Morphine and pharmacogenetic considerations
Hydromorphone and pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics issues with fentanyl
P-GLYCOPROTEIN AND OPIOIDS
POLYMORPHISMS OF GENES CODING OPIOID RECEPTORS AND OPIOID THERAPY
OPRM1 Gene Polymorphism and Addiction
DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM AND ADDICTION
Dopaminergic System and Opioid Addiction
OTHER NEUROTRANSMITTER PATHWAYS AND OPIOID ADDICTION
GENETIC ADDICTION RISK SCORE
EPIGENETIC ISSUES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
5 – Environmental Factors Linked to Opioids, Drugs, and Alcohol Abuse
INTRODUCTION
SUBSTANCE ABUSE: A PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER
FETAL EXPOSURE TO OPIOIDS
Opioid Abuse in Pregnancy and Clinical Outcome
CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND INCREASED RISK OF ADDICTION
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR ADOLESCENCE
Intimate Partner Violence and Addiction in Adolescents
Peer Pressure and Addiction
Yoga/Meditation Protects Adolescents and Adults From Substance Abuse
STRESS INCREASES RISK OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Stressful Life Events and Alcohol or Substance Abuse
Happy Marriage, Religiosity, and Spirituality Protects People from Substance Abuse
PERSONALITY TYPE, MENTAL DISORDER AND RISK FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Comorbid Substance Use Disorder and Personality Disorder
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
6 – Poppy Seed Defense and Workplace Drug Testing: Does It Work in the Court?
INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENTIATING HEROIN ABUSE FROM POPPY SEED DEFENSE
Morphine Levels Indicative of Heroin Abuse
Acetylcodeine
Papaverine and Metabolites
ATM4G: a Biomarker of Heroin Abuse
OPIATE CONTENT OF POPPY SEEDS
MORPHINE AND CODEINE IN POPPY SEED–CONTAINING FOODS
Toxicity and Fatality after Drinking Poppy Tea
Ethnic Poppy Seed Foods
Consuming Raw Poppy Seeds
EXPECTED MORPHINE AND CODEINE LEVELS AFTER EATING POPPY SEED–CONTAINING FOODS
Degradation of Morphine During Food Processing
High Morphine Levels After Eating Unprocessed Poppy Seeds
Morphine Levels After Eating Poppy–Containing Foods
THEBAINE: A MARKER OF POPPY SEED CONSUMPTION
Poppy Seed Defense: Does It Work at Court?
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
7 – Drug Testing in Pain Management
INTRODUCTION
COMMONLY TESTED DRUGS
Drug Testing: Analytical Issues
Issues of Interferences in Immunoassay Screening Tests
Drug Confirmation Using Mass Spectrometry
DRUG TESTING IN PAIN MANAGEMENT
Drugs Usually Tested in Pain Management Panel
URINE DRUG TESTING IN PAIN MANAGEMENT
Limitations of Pain Management Drug Testing Using Immunoassays
Application of Mass Spectrometry for Pain Management
Issues of Drug Metabolites in Drug Confirmation

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