Genome wide identification and evolution of interleukins and their potential roles in response to GCRV and Aeromonas hydrophila challenge in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella 1st edition by Tianbing Xu, Zhensheng Wang, Yang Gao, Jianguo Su

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Author: Tianbing Xu & Zhensheng Wang & Yang Gao & Jianguo Su

Cytokines are biologically active modulatory proteins or glycoproteins secreted by a variety of cell types that bind their respective receptors in response to various stimuli, leading to the activation of second messengers and signal transduction pathways (Smith and Humphries, 2009). Moreover, the cytokine network is a highly regulated system, and upon removal of the stimulus, cytokine secretion returns to basal levels to prevent excessive cytokine signaling that may dysregulate the normal development and function of the immune system (Ilangumaran et al., 2004). Cytokines play an important role in immune regulation, cell proliferation, and repair of damaged tissues (Ouyang and O’Garra, 2019). More than 200 cytokines have been identified to date, including interleukins (ILs), hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), and nerve growth factors (NGFs), among others (Kany et al., 2019). ILs, as are important members of cytokines, are proteins produced by a variety of cell types such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, etc., and play an important role in physiological inflammation and immune processes (Wang et al., 2020).

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Tianbing Xu,Zhensheng Wang,Yang Gao,Jianguo Su,Genome wide