High voltage direct current transmission converters systems and DC grids 2nd Edition by Dragan Jovcic 1119566614 9781119566618

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Product details:

ISBN-10 :  1119566614 

ISBN-13 :  9781119566618

Author : Dragan Jovcic 

Presents the latest developments in switchgear and DC/DC converters for DC grids, and includes substantially expanded material on MMC HVDC

This newly updated edition covers all HVDC transmission technologies including Line Commutated Converter (LCC) HVDC; Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC, and the latest VSC HVDC based on Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC), as well as the principles of building DC transmission grids.

Featuring new material throughout, High Voltage Direct Current Transmission: Converters, Systems and DC Grids, 2nd Edition offers several new chapters/sections including one on the newest MMC converters. It also provides extended coverage of switchgear, DC grid protection and DC/DC converters following the latest developments on the market and in research projects. All three HVDC technologies are studied in a wide range of topics, including: the basic converter operating principles; calculation of losses; system modelling, including dynamic modelling; system control; HVDC protection, including AC and DC fault studies; and integration with AC systems and fundamental frequency analysis. 

 

High voltage direct current transmission : converters, systems and DC grids 2nd Table of contents:

Part I: HVDC with Current Source Converters
1 Introduction to Line Commutated HVDC
1.1 HVDC Applications
1.2 Line Commutated HVDC Components
1.3 DC Cables and Overhead Lines
1.4 LCC HVDC Topologies
1.5 Losses in LCC HVDC Systems
1.6 Conversion of AC Lines to DC
1.7 Ultra High Voltage HVDC
2 Thyristors
2.1 Operating Characteristics
2.2 Switching Characteristics
2.3 Losses in HVDC Thyristors
2.4 Valve Structure and Thyristor Snubbers
2.5 Thyristor Rating Selection and Overload Capability
3 Six‐pulse Diode and Thyristor Converter
3.1 Three‐phase Uncontrolled Bridge
3.2 Three‐phase Thyristor Rectifier
3.3 Analysis of Commutation Overlap in a Thyristor Converter
3.4 Active and Reactive Power in a Three‐phase Thyristor Converter
3.5 Inverter Operation
4 HVDC Rectifier Station Modelling, Control and Synchronisation with AC System
4.1 HVDC Rectifier Controller
4.2 Phase‐locked Loop
4.3 Master‐level HVDC Control
5 HVDC Inverter Station Modelling and Control
5.1 Inverter Controller
5.2 Commutation Failure
6 HVDC System V–I Diagrams and Operating Modes
6.1 HVDC Equivalent Circuit
6.2 HVDC V–I Operating Diagram
6.3 HVDC Power Reversal
7 HVDC Analytical Modelling and Stability
7.1 Introduction to Converter and HVDC Modelling
7.2 HVDC Analytical Model
7.3 CIGRE HVDC Benchmark Model
7.4 Converter Modelling, Linearisation, and Gain Scheduling
7.5 AC System Modelling for HVDC Stability Studies
7.6 LCC Converter Transformer Model
7.7 DC System Including DC Cable
7.8 Accurate DC Cable Modelling
7.9 HVDC–HVAC System Model
7.10 Analytical Dynamic Model Verification
7.11 Basic HVDC Dynamic Analysis
7.12 HVDC Second Harmonic Instability
7.13 100 Hz Oscillations on the DC Side
8 HVDC Phasor Modelling and Interactions with AC System
8.1 Converter and DC System Phasor Model
8.2 Phasor AC System Model and Interaction with DC System
8.3 Inverter AC Voltage and Power Profile as DC Current is Increasing
8.4 Influence of Converter Extinction Angle
8.5 Influence of Shunt Reactive Power Compensation
8.6 Influence of Load at the Converter Terminals
8.7 Influence of Operating Mode (DC Voltage Control Mode)
8.8 Rectifier Operating Mode
9 HVDC Operation with Weak AC Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Short Circuit Ratio and Equivalent Short Circuit Ratio
9.3 Background on Power Transfer Between Two AC Systems
9.4 Phasor Study of Converter Interactions with Weak AC Systems
9.5 System Dynamics (Small Signal Stability) with Low SCR
9.6 Control and Main Circuit Solutions for Weak AC Grids
9.7 LCC HVDC with SVC
9.8 Capacitor Commutated Converters for HVDC
9.9 AC System with Low Inertia
10 Fault Management and HVDC System Protection
10.1 Introduction
10.2 DC Line Faults
10.3 AC System Faults
10.4 Internal Faults
10.5 System Reconfiguration for Permanent Faults
10.6 Overvoltage Protection
11 LCC HVDC System Harmonics
11.1 Harmonic Performance Criteria
11.2 Harmonic Limits
11.3 Thyristor Converter Harmonics
11.4 Harmonic Filters
11.5 Non‐characteristic Harmonic Reduction Using HVDC Controls
Part I: Line Commutated Converter HVDC
Part II: HVDC with Voltage Source Converters
12 VSC HVDC Applications and Topologies, Performance and Cost Comparison with LCC HVDC
12.1 Application of Voltage Source Converters in HVDC
12.2 Comparison with LCC HVDC
12.3 HVDC Technology Landscape
12.4 Overhead and Subsea/Underground VSC HVDC Transmission
12.5 DC Cable Types with VSC HVDC
12.6 Monopolar and Bipolar VSC HVDC Systems
12.7 VSC HVDC Converter Topologies
12.8 VSC HVDC Station Components
12.9 AC Inductors
12.10 DC Inductors
13 IGBT Switches and VSC Converter Losses
13.1 Introduction to IGBT and IGCT
13.2 General VSC Converter Switch Requirements
13.3 IGBT Technology
13.4 High Power IGBT Devices
13.5 IEGT Technology
13.6 Losses Calculation
13.7 Balancing Challenges in Two‐level IGBT Valves
13.8 Snubbers Circuits
14 Single‐phase and Three‐phase Two‐level VSC Converters
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Single‐phase VSC
14.3 Three‐phase VSC
14.4 Square‐wave, Six‐pulse Operation
15 Two‐level PWM VSC Converters
15.1 Introduction
15.2 PWM Modulation
15.3 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
15.4 Third Harmonic Injection
15.5 Selective Harmonic Elimination Modulation
15.6 Converter Losses for Two‐level SPWM VSC
15.7 Harmonics with PWM
15.8 Comparison of PWM Modulation Techniques
16 Multilevel VSC Converters in HVDC Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Modulation Techniques for Multilevel Converters
16.3 Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Converter
16.4 Half Bridge MMC
16.5 Full Bridge MMC
16.6 Comparison of Multilevel Topologies
17 Two‐level VSC HVDC Modelling, Control, and Dynamics
17.1 PWM Two‐level Converter Average Model
17.2 Two‐level PWM Converter Model in DQ Frame
17.3 VSC Converter Transformer Model
17.4 Two‐level VSC Converter and AC Grid Model in the ABC Frame
17.5 Two‐level VSC Converter and AC Grid Model in a DQ Rotating Coordinate Frame
17.6 VSC Converter Control Principles
17.7 The Inner Current Controller Design
17.8 Outer Controller Design
17.9 Complete Two‐level VSC Converter Controller
17.10 Small Signal Linearised VSC HVDC Model
17.11 Small Signal Dynamic Studies
18 Two‐level VSC HVDC Phasor‐domain Interaction with AC Systems and PQ Operating Diagrams
18.1 Power Exchange Between Two AC Voltage Sources
18.2 Converter Phasor Model and Power Exchange with an AC System
18.3 Phasor Study of VSC Converter Interaction with AC System
18.4 Operating Limits
18.5 Design Point Selection
18.6 Influence of AC System Strength
18.7 Influence of AC System Impedance Angle (X s/R s)
18.8 Influence of Transformer Reactance
18.9 Influence of Converter Control Modes
18.10 Operation with Very Weak AC Systems
19 Half Bridge MMC: Dimensioning, Modelling, Control, and Interaction with AC System
19.1 Basic Equations and Steady‐state Control
19.2 Steady‐state Dimensioning
19.3 Half Bridge MMC Non‐linear Average Dynamic Model
19.4 Non‐linear Average Value Model Including Blocked State
19.5 HB MMC HVDC Start‐up and Charging MMC Cells
19.6 HB MMC Dynamic DQ Frame Model and Phasor Model
19.7 Second Harmonic of Differential Current
19.8 Complete MMC Converter DQ Model in Matrix Form
19.9 Second‐harmonic Circulating Current Suppression Controller
19.10 Simplified DQ Frame Model with Circulating Current Controller
19.11 Phasor Model of MMC with Circulating Current Suppression Controller
19.12 Simplified Dynamic MMC Model Using Equivalent Series Capacitor C MMC
19.13 Full Dynamic Analytical HB MMC Model
19.14 HB MMC Controller and Arm Voltage Control
19.15 MMC Total Series Reactance and Comparison with Two‐level VSC
19.16 MMC Interaction with AC System and PQ Operating Diagrams
20 Full Bridge MMC Converter: Dimensioning, Modelling, and Control
20.1 FB MMC Arm Voltage Range
20.2 Full Bridge MMC Converter Non‐linear Average Model
20.3 FB MMC Non‐linear Average Model Including Blocked State
20.4 Full Bridge MMC Cell Charging
20.5 Hybrid MMC Design
20.6 Full Bridge MMC DC Voltage Variation Using a Detailed Model
20.7 FB MMC Analytical Dynamic DQ Model
20.8 Simplified FB MMC Model
20.9 FB MMC Converter Controller
21 MMC Converter Under Unbalanced Conditions
21.1 Introduction
21.2 MMC Balancing Controller Structure
21.3 Balancing Between Phases (Horizontal Balancing)
21.4 Balancing Between Arms (Vertical Balancing)
21.5 Simulation of Balancing Controls
21.6 Operation with Unbalanced AC Grid
22 VSC HVDC Under AC and DC Fault Conditions
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Faults on the AC System
22.3 DC Faults with Two‐level VSC
22.4 Influence of DC Capacitors
22.5 VSC Converter Modelling Under DC Faults and VSC Diode Bridge
22.6 VSC Converter Mode Transitions as DC Voltage Reduces
22.7 DC Faults with Half Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter
22.8 Full Bridge MMC Under DC Faults
23 VSC HVDC Application For AC Grid Support and Operation with Passive AC Systems
23.1 VSC HVDC High Level Controls and AC Grid Support
23.2 HVDC Embedded Inside an AC Grid
23.3 HVDC Connecting Two Separate AC Grids
23.4 HVDC in Parallel with AC
23.5 Operation with a Passive AC System and Black Start Capability
23.6 VSC HVDC Operation with Offshore Wind Farms
23.7 VSC HVDC Supplying Power Offshore and Driving a MW‐Size Variable Speed Motor
Part II: Voltage Source Converter HVDC
Part III: DC Transmission Grids
24 Introduction to DC Grids
24.1 DC versus AC Transmission
24.2 Terminology
24.3 DC Grid Planning, Topology, and Power Transfer Security
24.4 Technical Challenges
24.5 DC Grid Building by Multiple Manufacturers – Interoperability
24.6 Economic Aspects
25 DC Grids With Line Commutated Converters
25.1 Multiterminal LCC HVDC
25.2 Italy–Corsica–Sardinia Multiterminal HVDC Link
25.3 Connecting the LCC Converter to a DC Grid
25.4 Control of LCC Converters in DC Grids
25.5 Control of LCC DC Grids Through DC Voltage Droop Feedback
25.6 Managing LCC DC Grid Faults
25.7 Reactive Power Issues
25.8 Employing LCC Converter Stations in Established DC Grids
26 DC Grids with Voltage Source Converters and Power Flow Model
26.1 Connecting a VSC Converter to a DC Grid
26.2 Multiterminal VSC HVDC Operating in China
26.3 DC Grid Power Flow Model
26.4 DC Grid Power Flow Under DC Faults
27 DC Grid Control
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Fast Local VSC Converter Control in DC Grids
27.3 DC Grid Dispatcher with Remote Communication
27.4 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary DC Grid Control
27.5 DC Voltage Droop Control for VSC Converters in DC Grids
27.6 Three‐level Control for VSC Converters with Dispatcher Droop
27.7 Power Flow Algorithm When DC Powers are Regulated
27.8 Power Flow and Control Study of CIGRE DC Grid Test System
28 DC Circuit Breakers
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Challenges with DC Circuit Opening
28.3 DC CB Operating Principles and a Simple Model
28.4 DC CB Performance Requirements
28.5 Practical HV DC CBs
28.6 Mechanical DC CB
28.7 Semiconductor‐based DC CB
28.8 Hybrid DC CB
29 DC Grid Fault Management and Protection System
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Fault Current Components in DC Grids
29.3 DC System Protection Coordination with AC System Protection
29.4 DC Grid Protection System Development
29.5 DC Grid Protection System Based on Local Measurements
29.6 Blocking MMC Converters Under DC Faults
29.7 Differential DC Grid Protection Strategy
29.8 Selective Protection for Star‐topology DC Grids
29.9 DC Grids with DC Fault‐tolerant VSC Converters
29.10 DC Grids with Full Bridge MMC Converters
30 High Power DC/DC Converters and DC Power Flow Controlling Devices
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Power Flow Control Using Series Resistors
30.3 Low‐stepping‐ratio DC/DC Converters (DC Choppers)
30.4 Non‐isolated MMC‐based DC/DC Converter (M2DC)
30.5 DC/DC Converters with DC Polarity Reversal
30.6 High‐stepping‐ratio Isolated DC/DC Converter (Dual Active Bridge DC/DC)
30.7 High‐stepping‐ratio LCL DC/DC Converter
30.8 Building DC Grids with DC/DC Converters
30.9 DC Hubs
30.10 Developing DC Grids Using DC Hubs
30.11 North Sea DC Grid Topologies
Part III: DC Transmission Grids

 

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