Meanings as species 1st Edition by Mark Richard 0192580574 9780192580573

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ISBN-10 :  0192580574 

ISBN-13 :  9780192580573

Author : Mark Richard 

Mark Richard presents an original picture of meaning according to which a word’s meaning is analogous to the biological lineages we call species. His primary thesis is that a word’s meaning – in the sense of what one needs to track in order to be a competent speaker – is the collection of assumptions its users make in using it and expect their hearers to recognize as being made. Meaning is something that is spread across a population, inherited by each new generation of speakers from the last, and typically evolving in so far as what constitutes a meaning changes in virtue of the interactions of speakers with their (linguistic and social) environment. Meanings as Species develops and defends the analogy between the biological and the linguistic, and includes a discussion of the senses in which the processes of meaning change are and are not like evolution via natural selection.

Meanings as species 1st Table of contents:

1. Quine and the Species Problem
1. Private Language, Public Language
2. Species and Meanings
3. Quine’s Argument in ‘Two Dogmas’
4. Of What Interest Is the Notion of Analyticity?
2. Internalism to the Rescue?
1. Inter-Speaker Synonymy
2. Synonymy in an Idiolect
3. Truth by Convention
4. Stipulating Meaning
5. What Constitutes What My Words Mean?
6. A Digression on Logical Truth
7. Grice, Strawson, and Varieties of Synonymy
8. Conditional Credence and Connotation
9. How Credence Relates to Meaning
10. The Rational Fixation of Belief
3. What Are Meanings, That We Might Share Them?
1. Intuitions
2. Conceptual Analysis
3. Linguistic Competence and Concepts
4. Interpretive Common Ground
5. Ways of Being a Competent Speaker
6. Illocution and Meaning
7. ‘What Is Said’ and Literal Meaning
8. Epithets and Assertion
9. Compositionality
10. Competence and Abilities
11. Conceptual Analysis Again
12. The Role of Intuitions in Philosophy
4. Conceptual Evolution and Reference
1. The Linguistic and the Biological
2. Lexical Coordination
3. Changes In and Changes of Meaning
4. Referential Indeterminacy and Reported Speech
5. Paradox Lost
6. Referential Relativism?
7. Referentialism
8. Meaning (Sort of) Divorced from Reference
9. Referentialism and Indeterminacy
10. Conceptual Evolution
11. Deflationism about Reference
5. Meaning, Thought, and Thought Ascription
1. Attitudes and Their Ascription
2. Conventional Meaning, Belief, and Assertion
3. A Puzzle about Speech Reports
6. Sex and Conversation
1. A Simple Model of Meaning Change
2. Meaning Change and Evolution via Natural Selection
3. Semantic Ecology
4. Contested Meanings and Competition
5. Meanings, Memes, and Species
6. Conceptual Engineering

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