(Ebook PDF) Brief Principles of Macroeconomics 9th Edition by Gregory Mankiw 9798214338583 full chapters

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ISBN-13 : 9798214338583

Author: Gregory Mankiw 

Provide a concise, approachable introduction to macroeconomics that allows all types of learners to grasp economic concepts quickly and build a strong foundation. Part of the most widely-used learning solution in economics classrooms worldwide, Mankiw’s BRIEF PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMICS, 9E covers only the most important principles to avoid overwhelming students with excessive detail. Extensive updates, relevant examples, and carefully crafted content written by leading economics author Gregory Mankiw work seamlessly with the latest powerful student-focused resources.

Brief Principles of Macroeconomics 9th Table of contents:

1. Introduction
Chapter 1. Ten Principles of Economics
1-1. How People Make Decisions
1-1a. Principle 1: People Face Trade-Offs
1-1b. Principle 2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
1-1c. Principle 3: Rational People Think at the Margin
1-1d. Principle 4: People Respond to Incentives
1-2. How People Interact
1-2a. Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
1-2b. Principle 6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity
1-2c. Principle 7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes
1-3. How the Economy as a Whole Works
1-3a. Principle 8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services
1-3b. Principle 9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money
1-3c. Principle 10: Society Faces a Short-Run Trade-Off between Inflation and Unemployment
1-4. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
Chapter 2. Thinking Like an Economist
2-1. The Economist as Scientist
2-1a. The Scientific Method: Observation, Theory, and More Observation
2-1b. The Role of Assumptions
2-1c. Economic Models
2-1d. Our First Model: The Circular-Flow Diagram
2-1e. Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier
2-1f. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
2-2. The Economist as Policy Adviser
2-2a. Positive versus Normative Analysis
In The News: Why Tech Companies Hire Economists
2-2b. Economists in Washington
2-2c. Why Economists’ Advice Is Not Always Followed
2-3. Why Economists Disagree
2-3a. Differences in Scientific Judgments
2-3b. Differences in Values
2-3c. Perception versus Reality
2-4. Let’s Get Going
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
Appendix. Graphing: A Brief Review
Chapter 3. Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
3-1. A Parable for the Modern Economy
3-1a. Production Possibilities
3-1b. Specialization and Trade
3-2. Comparative Advantage: The Driving Force of Specialization
3-2a. Absolute Advantage
3-2b. Opportunity Cost and Comparative Advantage
3-2c. Comparative Advantage and Trade
3-2d. The Price of the Trade
3-3. Applications of Comparative Advantage
3-3a. Should LeBron James Mow His Own Lawn?
3-3b. Should the United States Trade with Other Countries?
In The News: Economics within a Marriage
3-4. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
2. How Markets Work
Chapter 4. The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
4-1. Markets and Competition
4-1a. What Is a Market?
4-1b. What Is Competition?
4-2. Demand
4-2a. The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded
4-2b. Market Demand versus Individual Demand
4-2c. Shifts in the Demand Curve
4-3. Supply
4-3a. The Supply Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Supplied
4-3b. Market Supply versus Individual Supply
4-3c. Shifts in the Supply Curve
4-4. Supply and Demand Together
4-4a. Equilibrium
4-4b. Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium
In The News: Price Increases after Disasters
4-5. Conclusion: How Prices Allocate Resources
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
3. The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter 5. Measuring a Nation’s Income
5-1. The Economy’s Income and Expenditure
5-2. The Measurement of GDP
5-2a. “GDP Is the Market Value . . .”
5-2b. “. . . of All . . .”
5-2c. “. . . Final . . .”
5-2d. “. . . Goods and Services . . .”
5-2e. “. . . Produced . . .”
5-2f. “. . . Within a Country . . .”
5-2g. “. . . In a Given Period of Time.”
5-3. The Components of GDP
5-3a. Consumption
5-3b. Investment
5-3c. Government Purchases
5-3d. Net Exports
5-4. Real versus Nominal GDP
5-4a. A Numerical Example
5-4b. The GDP Deflator
5-5. Is GDP a Good Measure of Economic Well-Being?
International Differences in GDP and the Quality of Life Case Study:
In the News: Sex, Drugs, and GDP
5-6. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
Chapter 6. Measuring the Cost of Living
6-1. The Consumer Price Index
6-1a. How the CPI Is Calculated
6-1b. Problems in Measuring the Cost of Living
6-1c. The GDP Deflator versus the Consumer Price Index
6-2. Correcting Economic Variables for the Effects of Inflation
6-2a. Dollar Figures from Different Times
6-2b. Indexation
6-2c. Real and Nominal Interest Rates
6-3. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
4. The Real Economy in the Long Run
Chapter 7. Production and Growth
7-1. Economic Growth around the World
7-2. Productivity: Its Role and Determinants
7-2a. Why Productivity Is So Important
7-2b. How Productivity Is Determined
7-3. Economic Growth and Public Policy
7-3a. Saving and Investment
7-3b. Diminishing Returns and the Catch-Up Effect
7-3c. Investment from Abroad
7-3d. Education
7-3e. Health and Nutrition
7-3f. Property Rights and Political Stability
7-3g. Free Trade
7-3h. Research and Development
7-3i. Population Growth
In The News: The Secret Sauce of American Prosperity
7-4. Conclusion: The Importance of Long-Run Growth
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
Chapter 8. Saving, Investment, and the Financial System
8-1. Financial Institutions in the U.S. Economy
8-1a. Financial Markets
8-1b. Financial Intermediaries
8-1c. Summing Up
8-2. Saving and Investment in the National Income Accounts
8-2a. Some Important Identities
8-2b. The Meaning of Saving and Investment
8-3. The Market for Loanable Funds
8-3a. Supply and Demand for Loanable Funds
8-3b. Policy 1: Saving Incentives
8-3c. Policy 2: Investment Incentives
8-3d. Policy 3: Government Budget Deficits and Surpluses
8-4. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
Chapter 9. The Basic Tools of Finance
9-1. Present Value: Measuring the Time Value of Money
9-2. Managing Risk
9-2a. Risk Aversion
9-2b. The Markets for Insurance
9-2c. Diversification of Firm-Specific Risk
9-2d. The Trade-Off between Risk and Return
9-3. Asset Valuation
9-3a. Fundamental Analysis
9-3b. The Efficient Markets Hypothesis
9-3c. Market Irrationality
9-4. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
Chapter 10. Unemployment
10-1. Identifying Unemployment
10-1a. How Is Unemployment Measured?
10-1b. Does the Unemployment Rate Measure What We Want It to Measure?
10-1c. How Long Are the Unemployed without Work?
10-1d. Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?
10-2. Job Search
10-2a. Why Some Frictional Unemployment Is Inevitable
10-2b. Public Policy and Job Search
10-2c. Unemployment Insurance
10-3. Minimum-Wage Laws
Who Earns the Minimum Wage? Case Study:
10-4. Unions and Collective Bargaining
10-4a. The Economics of Unions
10-4b. Are Unions Good or Bad for the Economy?
10-5. The Theory of Efficiency Wages
10-5a. Worker Health
10-5b. Worker Turnover
10-5c. Worker Quality
10-5d. Worker Effort
10-6. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
5. Money and Prices in the Long Run
Chapter 11. The Monetary System
11-1. The Meaning of Money
11-1a. The Functions of Money
11-1b. The Kinds of Money
11-1c. Money in the U.S. Economy
11-2. The Federal Reserve System
11-2a. The Fed’s Organization
11-2b. The Federal Open Market Committee
11-3. Banks and the Money Supply
11-3a. The Simple Case of 100 -Percent-Reserve Banking
11-3b. Money Creation with Fractional-Reserve Banking
11-3c. The Money Multiplier
11-3d. Bank Capital, Leverage, and the Financial Crisis of 2008–2009
11-4. The Fed’s Tools of Monetary Control
11-4a. How the Fed Influences the Quantity of Reserves
11-4b. How the Fed Influences the Reserve Ratio
11-4c. Problems in Controlling the Money Supply
11-4d. The Federal Funds Rate
In the News: A Trip to Jekyll Island
11-5. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
Chapter 12. Money Growth and Inflation
12-1. The Classical Theory of Inflation
12-1a. The Level of Prices and the Value of Money
12-1b. Money Supply, Money Demand, and Monetary Equilibrium
12-1c. The Effects of a Monetary Injection
12-1d. A Brief Look at the Adjustment Process
12-1e. The Classical Dichotomy and Monetary Neutrality
12-1f. Velocity and the Quantity Equation
12-1g. The Inflation Tax
12-1h. The Fisher Effect
12-2. The Costs of Inflation
12-2a. A Fall in Purchasing Power? The Inflation Fallacy
12-2b. Shoeleather Costs
12-2c. Menu Costs
12-2d. Relative-Price Variability and the Misallocation of Resources
12-2e. Inflation-Induced Tax Distortions
12-2f. Confusion and Inconvenience
12-2g. A Special Cost of Unexpected Inflation: Arbitrary Redistributions of Wealth
12-2h. Inflation Is Bad, but Deflation May Be Worse
In The News: Life During Hyperinflation
12-3. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
6. The Macroeconomics of Open Economies
Chapter 13. Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts
13-1. The International Flows of Goods and Capital
13-1a. The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, and Net Exports
13-1b. The Flow of Financial Resources: Net Capital Outflow
13-1c. The Equality of Net Exports and Net Capital Outflow
13-1d. Saving, Investment, and Their Relationship to the International Flows
13-1e. Summing Up
13-2. The Prices for International Transactions: Real and Nominal Exchange Rates
13-2a. Nominal Exchange Rates
13-2b. Real Exchange Rates
13-3. A First Theory of Exchange-Rate Determination: Purchasing-Power Parity
13-3a. The Basic Logic of Purchasing-Power Parity
13-3b. Implications of Purchasing-Power Parity
13-3c. Limitations of Purchasing-Power Parity
13-4. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
Chapter 14. A Macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy
14-1. Supply and Demand for Loanable Funds and for Foreign-Currency Exchange
14-1a. The Market for Loanable Funds
14-1b. The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
14-2. Equilibrium in the Open Economy
14-2a. Net Capital Outflow: The Link between the Two Markets
14-2b. Simultaneous Equilibrium in Two Markets
14-3. How Policies and Events Affect an Open Economy
14-3a. Government Budget Deficits
14-3b. Trade Policy
14-3c. Political Instability and Capital Flight
In The News: Separating Fact from Fiction
14-4. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
7. Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Chapter 15. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
15-1. Three Key Facts about Economic Fluctuations
15-1a. Fact 1: Economic Fluctuations Are Irregular and Unpredictable
15-1b. Fact 2: Most Macroeconomic Quantities Fluctuate Together
15-1c. Fact 3: As Output Falls, Unemployment Rises
15-2. Explaining Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
15-2a. The Assumptions of Classical Economics
15-2b. The Reality of Short-Run Fluctuations
15-2c. The Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
15-3. The Aggregate-Demand Curve
15-3a. Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Slopes Downward
15-3b. Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Might Shift
15-4. The Aggregate-Supply Curve
15-4a. Why the Aggregate-Supply Curve Is Vertical in the Long Run
15-4b. Why the Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift
15-4c. Using Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply to Depict Long-Run Growth and Inflation
15-4d. Why the Aggregate-Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short Run
15-4e. Why the Short-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift
15-5. Two Causes of Economic Fluctuations
15-5a. The Effects of a Shift in Aggregate Demand
15-5b. The Effects of a Shift in Aggregate Supply
15-6. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
Chapter 16. The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand
16-1. How Monetary Policy Influences Aggregate Demand
16-1a. The Theory of Liquidity Preference
16-1b. The Downward Slope of the Aggregate-Demand Curve
16-1c. Changes in the Money Supply
16-1d. The Role of Interest-Rate Targets in Fed Policy
16-1e. The Zero Lower Bound
16-2. How Fiscal Policy Influences Aggregate Demand
16-2a. Changes in Government Purchases
16-2b. The Multiplier Effect
16-2c. A Formula for the Spending Multiplier
16-2d. Other Applications of the Multiplier Effect
16-2e. The Crowding-Out Effect
16-2f. Changes in Taxes
16-3. Using Policy to Stabilize the Economy
16-3a. The Case for Active Stabilization Policy
In the News: How Large Is the Fiscal Policy Multiplier?
16-3b. The Case against Active Stabilization Policy
16-3c. Automatic Stabilizers
16-4. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
Chapter 17. The Short-Run Trade-Off between Inflation and Unemployment
17-1. The Phillips Curve
17-1a. Origins of the Phillips Curve
17-1b. Aggregate Demand, Aggregate Supply, and the Phillips Curve
17-2. Shifts in the Phillips Curve: The Role of Expectations
17-2a. The Long-Run Phillips Curve
17-2b. The Meaning of “Natural”
17-2c. Reconciling Theory and Evidence
17-2d. The Short-Run Phillips Curve
17-2e. The Natural Experiment for the Natural-Rate Hypothesis
17-3. Shifts in the Phillips Curve: The Role of Supply Shocks
17-4. The Cost of Reducing Inflation
17-4a. The Sacrifice Ratio
17-4b. Rational Expectations and the Possibility of Costless Disinflation
17-4c. The Volcker Disinflation
17-4d. The Greenspan Era
17-4e. A Financial Crisis Takes Us for a Ride along the Phillips Curve
17-5. Conclusion
Chapter in a Nutshell
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Problems and Applications
8. Final Thoughts
Chapter 18. Six Debates over Macroeconomic Policy
18-1. Should Monetary and Fiscal Policymakers Try to Stabilize the Economy?
18-1a. Pro: Policymakers Should Try to Stabilize the Economy
18-1b. Con: Policymakers Should Not Try to Stabilize the Economy
18-2. Should the Government Fight Recessions with Spending Hikes Rather Than Tax Cuts?
18-2a. Pro: The Government Should Fight Recessions with Spending Hikes
18-2b. Con: The Government Should Fight Recessions with Tax Cuts
18-3. Should Monetary Policy Be Made by Rule Rather Than by Discretion?
18-3a. Pro: Monetary Policy Should Be Made by Rule
18-3b. Con: Monetary Policy Should Not Be Made by Rule
18-4. Should the Central Bank Aim for Zero Inflation?
18-4a. Pro: The Central Bank Should Aim for Zero Inflation
18-4b. Con: The Central Bank Should Not Aim for Zero Inflation
In The News: A Central Bank Assesses Its Policy
18-5. Should the Government Balance Its Budget?
18-5a. Pro: The Government Should Balance Its Budget
18-5b. Con: The Government Should Not Balance Its Budget
18-6. Should the Tax Laws Be Reformed to Encourage Saving?
18-6a. Pro: The Tax Laws Should Be Reformed to Encourage Saving
18-6b. Con: The Tax Laws Should Not Be Reformed to Encourage Saving
18-7. Conclusion

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