(Ebook PDF) Plants genes and agriculture sustainability through biotechnology 1st edition by Maarten Chrispeels, Paul Gepts ISBN 9781605357188 1605357189 full chapters

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ISBN 10: 1605357189

ISBN 13: 9781605357188

Author: Maarten J. Chrispeels, Paul Gepts

Table of Contents:

• Chapter 1 The Human Population and Its Food Supply in the 21st Century
• 1.1 Hunger and Malnutrition Persist in a World of Plenty
• 1.2 Human Population Growth Is Slowing
• 1.3 By How Much Does the Food Supply Need to Increase to Satisfy Future Demand?
• 1.4 Agriculture Must Become More Sustainable in the Future
• 1.5 An Uncertain Climate Presents Challenges to Food Production
• 1.6 Urbanization and Rising Living Standards Are Changing the Demand for Agricultural Products and t
• 1.7 Government Policies Play Pivotal Roles in Global Food Production
• 1.8 Agricultural Research Is Vital If We Are to Maintain a Secure Food Supply
• 1.9 Can Other Agricultural Methods and Policies Contribute to Feeding the Population?
• 1.10 Biotechnology Is Crucial for the Future of Food Production
• Chapter 2 A Changing Global Food System: One Hundred Centuries of Agriculture
• 2.1Hunting and Gathering Were the Methods of Food Procurement for Much of Human History
• 2.2 Agriculture Began in Several Places Some 10,000 Years Ago
• 2.3 Plants Are the Principal and Ultimate Source of All Our Food
• 2.4 Crop Production Today Takes Several Forms That Differ Dramatically in Productivity
• 2.5 Science-based Agricultural Practices Have Led to Significant Increases in Productivity
• 2.6 Farming and the Postharvest Food Delivery Pathway Combine to Provide Consumers with an Abundance
• 2.7 Agriculture and Food Production Are Significant Players in the Economic Systems of Developed Cou
• 2.8 Intensive Agriculture Has Environmental Effects That May Limit Its Long-term Sustainability
• Chapter 3 Plants in Human Nutrition, Diet, and Health
• 3.1 Animals Are Heterotrophs, Plants Are Autotrophs
• 3.2 Carbohydrates Are the Principal Source of Energy in the Human Diet
• 3.3 Fats Are a Source of Energy, Structural Components, and Essential Nutrients
• 3.4 Diets High in Energy Are Linked to Major Diseases
• 3.5 To Make Proteins, Animals Must Eat Proteins
• 3.6 Vitamins Are Small Molecules That Plants Can Make, but Humans and Other Animals Generally Cannot
• 3.7 Minerals and Water Are Essential for Life
• 3.8 Plants Produce Bioactive Molecules that Can Affect Human Health
• 3.9 The Consequences of Nutritional Deficiencies Can Be Severe and Long Lasting
• 3.10 Millions of Healthy Vegetarians and Vegans Are Living Proof that Animal Products Are Not a Nece
• 3.11 Are Organically Grown Plants and Products from Animals Fed with Organic Feed Worth the Addition
• 3.12 The Intestinal Microbiome Significantly Influences Health
• Chapter 4 Genes, Genomics, and Molecular Biology: The Basis of Modern Crop Improvement
• 4.1 Traits Are Inherited from One Generation to the Next
• 4.2 Genetic Information Is Replicated and Passed to New Cells during Cell Division
• 4.3 Genes Are Made of DNA
• 4.4 Gene Expression Involves RNA Synthesis Followed by Protein Synthesis
• 4.5 Gene Expression Is a Highly Regulated Process
• 4.6 Mutations Are Changes in Genes
• 4.7 Much of the Genome’s DNA Does Not Code for Proteins
• 4.8 DNA Can Be Manipulated in the Laboratory Using Tools from Nature
• 4.9 Creating GE Plants Depends on the Application of Naturally Occurring Horizontal Gene Transfer
• 4.10 Genome Sequencing and Bioinformatics Are Important Tools for Plant Biologists and Plant Breeder
• 4.11 Gene Editing Technologies Allow Us to Make Targeted Changes in an Organism’s DNA
• Chapter 5 Growth and Development: From Fertilized Egg Cell to Flowering Plant
• 5.1 The Plant Body Is Made Up of Cells, Tissues, and Organs
• 5.2 Development Is Characterized by Repetitive Organ Formation from Stem Cells
• 5.3 Gene Networks Interact with Hormonal and Environmental Signals to Regulate Development
• 5.4 In the First Stage of Development, Fertilized Egg Cells Develop into Embryos
• 5.5 Deposition of Food Reserves in Seeds Is an Important Aspect of Crop Yield
• 5.6 Maturation, Quiescence, and Dormancy Are Important Aspects of Seed Development
• 5.7 Formation of the Vegetative Body Is the Second Stage of Plant Development
• 5.8 Secondary Growth Produces New Vascular Tissues and Results in the Formation of Wood
• 5.9 Reproduction Involves the Formation of Flowers with Male and Female Organs
• 5.10 Fruits Help Plants Disperse Their Seeds
• 5.11 Developmental Mutants Are an Important Source of Variability to Create New Crop Varieties
• 5.12 Plant Cells are Totipotent: A Whole Plant Can Develop from a Single Cell
• Chapter 6 Converting Solar Energy into Crop Production
• 6.1 Photosynthetic Membranes Convert Light Energy to Chemical Energy
• 6.2 In Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism, Chemical Energy Is Used to Convert CO2 to Carbohydrates
• 6.3 Sucrose and Other Polysaccharides Are Exported to Heterotrophic Plant Organs to Provide Energy f
• 6.4 Plants Gain CO2 at the Cost of Water Loss
• 6.5 Plants Make a Dynamic Trade-off of Photosynthetic Efficiency for Photoprotection
• 6.6 Abiotic Environmental Factors Can Limit Photosynthetic Efficiency and Crop Productivity
• 6.7 How Efficiently Can Photosynthesis Convert Solar Energy into Biomass?
• 6.8 Opportunities Exist for Improving the Efficiency of Photosynthesis
• 6.9 Global Climate Change Interacts with Global Photosynthesis
• Chapter 7 The Domestication of Our Food Crops
• 7.1 Wheat Was Domesticated in the Near East
• 7.2 Rice Was Domesticated in Asia and Western Africa
• 7.3 Maize and Beans Were Domesticated in the Americas
• 7.4 Domestication Is Accelerated Evolution Involving Relatively Few Genes
• 7.5 Crop Evolution Was Marked by Genetic Bottlenecks That Decreased Diversity
• 7.6 Hybridization Plays a Role in the Appearance of New Crops, the Modification of Existing Crops, a
• 7.7 Polyploidy Led to New Crops and New Traits
• 7.8 Sequencing Crop Plant Genomes Provides Insights into Plant Evolution
• Chapter 8 From Classical Plant Breeding to Molecular Crop Improvement
• 8.1 Plant Breeders Have a Long Wish List
• 8.2 Plant Breeding Involves Introduction of Genetic Diversity, Hybridization, and Selection of New G
• 8.3 Genetic Variation Manipulated by Selection Is the Key to Plant Breeding
• 8.4 The Breeding Method Chosen Depends on the Pollination System of the Crop
• 8.5 F1 Hybrids Yield Bumper Crops
• 8.6 Backcrossing Comes as Close as Possible to Manipulating Single Genes via Sexual Reproduction
• 8.7 Quantitative Traits Are More Complex to Manipulate Than Qualitative Traits
• 8.8 The Green Revolution Used Classical Plant Breeding Methods to Increase Wheat and Rice Yields
• 8.9 Tissue and Cell Culture Techniques Facilitate Plant Breeding
• 8.10 The Technologies of Gene Cloning and Plant Transformation Are Key Tools to Create GE Crops
• 8.11 Marker-assisted Breeding Helps Transfer Major Genes
• 8.12 Genome Sequencing Has Become an Essential Tool of Plant Breeding Programs
• 8.13 High-Throughput Trait Measurement Facilitates Phenotyping for Crop Breeding
• Chapter 9 Plant Propagation by Seeds and Vegetative Processes
• 9.1 Commercial Seed Production Is Often Distinct from Crop Production
• 9.2 Seed Certification Programs Guarantee and Preserve Seed Quality
• 9.3 Saving Seeds Securely Is an Important Aspect of Agriculture in Developing Countries
• 9.4 Seed Germination, Seedling Establishment, and Seed Treatments Are Important Agronomic Variables
• 9.5 Enhancing Microbial Biofertilizers in the Soil Is an Important Technology for Crop Production
• 9.6 Seed Banks Preserve Genetic Diversity for the Future
• 9.7 Sterile Tissue Culture Is Used for Micropropagation and the Production of Somatic Embryos
• 9.8 Grafting Is Widely Used in the Fruit Industry to Propagate Superior Varieties
• 9.9 Apomixis Is a Unique Way in which Some Plant Species Reproduce
• Chapter 10 Innovations in Agriculture: How Farm Technologies Are Developed and How They Reach Farmer
• 10.1 Biological and Technological Innovations Have Improved Farming Practices since the Early Days o
• 10.2 Innovations in Agriculture Require Substantial Research in Many Fields
• 10.3 Patents Stimulate Invention and Improvements
• 10.4 Farmers Obtain Seeds in Different Ways
• 10.5 Minor Crops and New Production Methods Are Important
• 10.6 Agricultural Technologies and Practices Are Subject to Oversight and Regulation
• Chapter 11 Soil Ecosystems, Plant Nutrition, and Nutrient Cycling
• 11.1 Soil Ecosystems Are Fundamental to Agriculture
• 11.2 Particles Created by Weathering Are the Medium of Soil Ecosystems
• 11.3 Living Organisms and Their Remains Are Important Components of Soil Ecosystems
• 11.4 Plants Need Six Mineral Elements in Large Amounts and Eight Others in Small Amounts
• 11.5 Productivity May Be Limited by the Availability of Soil Water and Nutrients
• 11.6 Soil Organic Matter Is a Key Determinant of Soil Fertility
• 11.7 Roots Are the Foundation of Soil Food Webs and Soil Adhesion
• 11.8 Phosphorus Is the Rock-derived Nutrient That Most Commonly Limits Crop Productivity
• 11.9 Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Industrial Nitrogen Fixation Drive the Nitrogen Cycle
• 11.10 Mycorrhizae Are Plant–Fungi Mutualisms That Help Plants Acquire Nutrients
• Chapter 12 Biotic Challenges: Weeds
• 12.1 Weeds Are Plants Adapted to Environments Disturbed by Humans
• 12.2 Weeds Interfere with Crop Plant Growth
• 12.3 Weed Control Is Achieved by Cultural, Mechanical, Biological, and Chemical Practices
• 12.4 Herbicides Kill Plants by Interfering with Vital Plant-specific Processes
• 12.5 First Chemistry and then Biotechnology Transformed Weed Control
• 12.6 Weeds Adapt to Our Attempts To Control Them
• 12.7 Herbicide Resistance and a Lack of New Herbicides Are Challenges to Weed Control
• 12.8 New Methods of Weed Control Are Emerging
• Chapter 13 Plant Diseases and Strategies for Their Control
• 13.1 Microbial Infections Diminish Crop Yields, but Plants Fight Back
• 13.2 Disease Epidemics Occur When Multiple Factors Converge
• 13.3 Viruses and Viroids Have Only a Few Genes
• 13.4 Cellular Pathogens Use Effector Proteins That Act in the Host Plant
• 13.5 Plant-pathogenic Bacteria Cause Many Economically Important Diseases
• 13.6 Pathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes Collectively Cause the Greatest Crop Losses
• 13.7 Chemical Strategies for Disease Control Can Be Effective but Problematic
• 13.8 Plants Mount Defenses to Ward Off Pathogens; Successful Pathogens Elude the Defenses
• 13.9 Resistance to Pathogens Can Be Introduced into Plants by Breeding and Genetic Engineering
• 13.10 The Plant Immune System Can Be Activated So Subsequent Infections Are Met with a Stronger Resp
• Chapter 14 Biotic Challenges: Pests
• 14.1 Arthropod Pests Cause Substantial Crop Losses
• 14.2 Parasitic Nematodes Cause Substantial Crop Losses
• 14.3 Plants Have Chemical Defenses against Pests
• 14.4 Improved Cultural Practices Can Help Control Pests
• 14.5 Integrated Pest Management Can Control Outbreaks
• 14.6 Plant Breeding Methods Accelerate the Development of Pest-resistant Crop Varieties
• 14.7 Properly Applied, Synthetic Chemicals Can Provide Effective Pest Control
• 14.8 Genetically Engineered Plants Provide New Opportunities
• 14.9 Evolution Keeps Chemists, Plant Breeders, and Molecular Biologists Busy
• Chapter 15 Abiotic Stresses and How They Affect Crop Yield
• 15.1 Plants Sense Abiotic Stresses and Respond to Them
• 15.2 Plant Growth Depends on an Active Transpiration Stream
• 15.3 The Molecular Responses to Water Deficit Involve Signals from the Root
• 15.4 Too Much Water Depletes Oxygen in the Roots and Leads to Cell Death
• 15.5 Crops Experience Osmotic Stress and Sodium Toxicity
• 15.6 Plants Sequester Toxic Ions in Vacuoles
• 15.7 Heat Stress During Reproductive Growth Severely Diminishes Crop Yield
• 15.8 Many Crop Plants That Originated in Tropical Regions Are Sensitive to Cold
• 15.9 The Crops That Feed Humanity Are Not Well Adapted to Alkaline or Acidic Soils
• 15.10 Agricultural Practices and Global Climate Change May Exacerbate Abiotic Stresses
• Chapter 16 Introduced Traits That Benefit Farmers and Industry
• 16.1 Crops Bred Using Genetic Engineering Approaches Were Introduced in the Mid 1990s
• 16.2 Herbicide-tolerant GE Crops Facilitate Weed Management
• 16.3 Genetic Engineering of Insect Resistance Decreases Pesticide Use on Several Major Crops
• 16.4 Alleviating Water-deficit Stress Is an Increasingly Important Goal of Crop Improvement
• 16.5 Common Bean Provides an Example of Protecting against Virus
• 16.6 Uptake and Assimilation of Nitrogen Can Be Enhanced by Genetic Transformation
• 16.7 Phosphate Uptake Can Be Improved by Transgenic and Traditional Approaches
• 16.8 Pod Shatter-resistant Canola Prevents Seed Losses and Increases Yield
• 16.9 Genetically Engineered Forest Trees Are a New Frontier in Biotechnology
• 16.10 Male-sterile Lines and Fertility-restorer Genes Facilitate Hybrid Seed Production
• Chapter 17 Introduced Traits That Benefit the Consumer
• 17.1 Enhancing Essential Nutrients or Eliminating Harmful Ones Creates Functional Foods
• 17.2 Golden Rice Is the Poster Child for Genetic Engineering in the Service of Humanity
• 17.3 Biofortifying Crops with Iron Is a Major Goal of Nutritionists
• 17.4 Heat-stable Vegetable Oils Are Better Suited for Deep-frying
• 17.5 Biotechnology Can Help Eliminate Food Allergens, but These Innovations May Not Come to Market
• 17.6 Acrylamide Can Be Eliminated from Processed Foods
• 17.7 Genetic Engineering Can Help Reduce Postharvest Food Losses
• 17.8 Conquering Citrus Greening Disease Could Lower the Price of Orange Juice
• 17.9 Are Tastier Tomatoes in Our Future?
• Chapter 18 Food Safety: Are Foods Made from GE Crops Safe to Eat?
• 18.1 Humans Have Continuously Been Exposed to Novel Foods
• 18.2 The Safety of Genetically Engineered Food Crops Has Been Extensively Debated
• 18.3 Genetically Engineered Food and Feed Crops Have an Excellent Safety Record
• 18.4 Specific Principles of Food Safety Assurance Apply to Foods and Feeds Developed Using Biotechno
• 18.5 Evaluation of Variability Is a Major Tool to Limit Unintended Changes in GE Crops
• 18.6 Molecular Characterization of Intended Changes and Added Proteins Is a Necessary Component of S
• 18.7 Chemical Risk Evaluation Involves Investigating the Relationship between Degree of Exposure and
• 18.8 Food Safety Experiments Demand High Standards of Experimental Design and Interpretation
• 18.9 Perspectives on the Impacts of Crop Biotechnology on Human and Animal Health Are Changing
• Chapter 19 Challenges and Solutions for Subsistence Farmers
• 19.1 Subsistence Farmers Grow a Diversity of Crops to Maintain Resiliency
• 19.2 Intensifying Agricultural Output on Smallholds Must Be a Priority
• 19.3 Water Is a Challenge for Smallhold Farmers
• 19.4 Degraded Soils and Soil Erosion Are Life-threatening Issues for Smallholders
• 19.5 Weed Control Is a Major Burden on Women and Girls in Developing Countries
• 19.6 Indigenous Farmers Have Strategies to Combat Pests and Diseases
• 19.7 There Are Hazards and Drudgery in Harvest and Postharvest Work
• 19.8 Maximizing Profit after Harvest Is Critical
• 19.9 The Public–Private Sector Job Creation Model Can Apply to Smallholders
• Chapter 20 Plants as Chemical Factories
• 20.1 Plant Secondary Metabolism Is a Treasure Chest of High-value Chemicals
• 20.2 Several Different Platforms Are Used to Produce Plant Secondary Metabolites for Human Use
• 20.3 Plant Cells Cultured in Bioreactors Constitute Sustainable “Green Factories”
• 20.4 Metabolic Engineering of Plants Results In Higher Yields and Superior Quality Chemicals
• 20.5 Transferring Metabolic Pathways into Microorganisms Is a Promising Approach to Producing Second
• 20.6 Microalgae Are Potentially Renewable Resources for a Bio-based Society
• 20.7 The World Needs Biodegradable Plastics
• Chapter 21 Plants as Factories for the Production of Protein Biologics
• 21.1 Plants Can Be Used as Factories for Protein Biologics
• 21.2 There Are Several Production Strategies for Making Protein Biologics in Plants
• 21.3 Agroinfiltration Is an Effective Way of Delivering Transgenes into Plants
• 21.4 New Vectors for Gene Delivery Are Being Developed
• 21.5 The Plant Host and Plant Organs Used to Produce Biologics Must Be Chosen Carefully
• 21.6 Monoclonal Antibodies and Vaccine Candidates Can Be Produced in Plants
• 21.7 A Plant-manufactured Biologic Has Been Approved to Treat a Genetic Disease in Humans
• Chapter 22 Sustainable Food Production in the 21st Century
• 22.1 Agricultural Intensification and Sustainability Are Equally Important
• 22.2 Can We Decrease the Yield Gap?
• 22.3 Smarter Agronomy Can Deliver Higher Yields
• 22.4 Wider Acceptance of GE Technology Is Essential if We Are to Increase Food Supplies
• 22.5 Research Is Key to Increasing the Intensity of Crop Production
• 22.6 Education at All Levels Is Essential if We Are to Increase Food Production
• 22.7 Maintaining the Resource Base Is Essential for Food Production
• 22.8 We Must Diminish Agriculture’s Contribution to Climate Change and Global Pollution
• 22.9 Sustainability Will Require Greater Attention to Food Waste

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Maarten Chrispeels,Paul Gepts,Plants,Genes,Agriculture,Sustainability,Biotechnology