Pronouns, Interrogatives, and (Quichua-Media Lengua) Code-Switching: The Eyes Have It

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• Author: John M. Lipski

Many bilingual speakers switch between their languages during informal speech with interlocutors who share the same languages. This code-switching is frequently subject to pragmatic constraints, including topics, assertions of identity, and a variety of speech acts such as requesting, persuading, or admonishing. When bilingual code-switching takes place smoothly and without hesitation within the bounds of a single utterance, it is particularly challenging to linguistic and psychological models grounded in a single language, because more than two monolingual grammars are involved (Grosjean 1989). Such intra-sentential code-switching may appear chaotic and unconstrained to outsiders, but a large body of research on numerous bilingual dyads—frequently confirmed by naïve speakers’ intuitions—has shown that most intra-sentential switches do not violate the grammatical structures of either language, not only within the single-language segments but also at the points of transitions between languages (e.g., Poplack 1980; Lipski 1977, 1978, 1985; Muysken 2000). Although most bilingual speakers without training in linguistics do not have explicit knowledge of these general constraints, corpora of bilingual interactions reveal few violations in production, and a variety of interactive tasks such as acceptability judgments and elicited repetition have confirmed the robustness of general restrictions on the processing of intra-sentential language mixing, all circumscribed by the aforementioned “do no harm” admonitions (no grammatical violations in either language).

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