(EBOOK PDF)Speculation Within and About Science 1st edition by Peter Achinstein 9780190615079 0190615079 full chapters

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• ISBN 10:0190615079  

• ISBN 13:9780190615079

• Author:Peter Achinstein 

 Speculation
Within and About Science
Newton urged scientists never to speculate, only to prove by establishing experimental facts. By contrast, Einstein urged scientists to speculate freely, since only daring speculations, not experimental facts, can advance science. Who, if either, is right? Is speculation a legitimate part of science, even in the absence of testing? If so, can speculations be evaluated without testing? How? To answer these questions it must first be determined what counts as a speculation, a task not usually investigated by those who express strong views about speculation. In Speculation, Peter Achinstein develops the basic idea that speculating involves introducing assumptions, under certain “theorizing” conditions, without knowing that there is evidence for those assumptions. This idea is made precise by utilizing a concept of “evidence” Achinstein has introduced in previous writings and also explains here. With this concept, Achinstein defends a view according to which, by contrast with Newton, speculations are crucial in science, and by contrast with Einstein, they are subject to constraints. The latter include pragmatic ones, reflecting the particular aims of the scientist in speculating, and epistemic ones that are subject to a different standard then “evidence sufficient for belief.” This viewpoint is illustrated and evaluated by critically examining historical and contemporary speculations in fundamental physics as well as more general speculations within or about science, including these: nature is simple, and simplicity is a sign of truth (Newton, Einstein); a theory can only be tested “holistically” (Duhem and Quine); and there is, and must be, a “Theory of Everything” (string theorists and reductionists).

Speculation Within and About Science 1st Table of contents:

Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Scientific Speculation: A Pragmatic Approach
2. The Complex Story of Simplicity: Ontological and Epistemic Speculations
3. Non-Epistemic Simplicity: Maxwell, Newton, and Speculation
4. Holism vs. Particularism: An Evidential Debate (“Find the Ether”)
5. The Ultimate Speculation: A “Theory of Everything” (What Is It, and Why Should We Want One?)
6. Summing Up
Index 

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