(Ebook PDF) The Nalco water handbook 4th Edition by Nalco Company 1259860981 9781259860980 full chapters

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ISBN-10 :  1259860981 

ISBN-13 :  9781259860980

Author : Nalco Company 

The Landmark Water Use and Treatment Resource—Fully Updated for Optimizing Water Processes This industry-standard resource from the world’s leading water management company offers practical guidance on the use and treatment of water and wastewater in industrial and institutional facilities. Revised to align with the latest regulations and technologies, The Nalco Water Handbook, Fourth Edition, explains water management fundamentals and clearly shows how to improve water quality, minimize usage, and optimize treatment processes. Throughout, new emphasis is placed on today’s prevailing issues, including water scarcity, stressors, and business risk. Covers all essential water treatment topics, including: • Water management fundamentals • The business case for managing water • Water sources, stressors, and quality • Basic water chemistry • Impurity removal • Steam generation • Cooling water systems • Safety for building water systems • Post-treatment • Energy in water systems • Water applications across various industries

The Nalco water handbook 4th Table of contents:

Section 1 Introduction
1 The Business Case for Managing Water
Global Trends Affecting Water Supply
The Impact of Climate Change on Glacial Water
Impact of Population Trends on Surface and Groundwater
Sustainability as a Business Driver
Sustainability Reporting and Regulations
Making the Business Case for Managing Water
Calculate the Full Value of Water
Perform a Total Plant Assessment of Water Use
Value and Prioritize
Water Risk Monetizer Case Studies
Business Expansion Projects
Existing Facility Water Improvement Projects
2 Water Sources and Stressors
Water Sources
Surface Water—Rivers
Surface Water—Lakes
Groundwater
Connate Water
Desalination
Recycled Wastewater
Stress on Water Sources
Groundwater Stress
Surface Water Stress
3 Water Quality
Natural Factors Affecting Water Quality
Seasonal Changes That Affect Water Quality
Impact of Dams on River Water Quality
Water Quality When River Meets Ocean
Pollution
Impact of Water and Process Treatment
Boiler Water
Cooling Water
Wastewater
Focus on Total System Performance
Section 2 Basic Water Chemistry
4 Water Chemistry
Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and Compounds
Atoms and Molecules
Bonding in Compounds
The Water Molecule
Solubility of Matter in Water
Hydrogen Bonding
Other Properties of Water
Basics of Water Chemistry
Impurities in Water
Electrolytes
Electromotive Series
Colloidal Systems
Solubility of Gases in Water
Organic Compounds and Solubility in Water
Solubility Product Constants
Equilibrium
Solid Reactants
Complexing Agents
Application of Water Chemistry
Hardness and Analysis of Water
Alkalinity and pH Relationships
Practical Aspects of Mineral Solubility
CaCO3 Stability Indexes
Oxidation/Reduction Reactions
5 Impurities in Water
Characteristics of Water Sources
Classes of Impurities
Dissolved Substances
Suspended Matter
Organic Matter
Biological Organisms
Macrofouling
Dissolved Gases
Water Reuse and Recycle
Section 3.1 Applications—Impurity Removal
6 Raw Water Clarification and Filtration
Coagulation
Contaminants Removed
Zeta Potential
Flocculation
Coagulation and Flocculation Chemicals
Tailoring Polyelectrolytes
Activated Silica
Coagulation and Flocculation Applications
Color Removal
Plant Design
Filtration
Filtration Mechanisms
Granular Media Filters
Granular Media Filter Beds
Filter Backwashing Systems
Filter Appurtenances
Service Operating Parameters
Water Quality
Chemical Treatment
Direct Filtration
7 Ion Exchange
Ion Exchange Resins
Ion Affinity
Resin Bead Structure
Particle Size and Size Distribution
Resin Capacity
Resin Regeneration
Backwash
Regenerant Addition
Slow Rinse
Fast Rinse
Counter-Current Regeneration
Resin Types
Strong Acid Cation
Weak Acid Cation
Strong Base Anion
Weak Base Anion
Resin Management
Expected Length of Service
Annual Resin Analysis
Annual Regeneration Profile
Monitoring Service Performance
Chemical Cleaning
Resin Storage
Ion Exchange Equipment Configurations
Softening
Dealkalizing
Primary Demineralizing
Mixed-Bed Demineralizing
Packed Bed Units
Water Use Optimization Strategies
System Optimization
Water Recovery
8 Membrane Separation
Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation Technologies: Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis
Filtration
Basic Membrane Terminology
Membrane Modules
Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration
Electrochemically-Driven Membrane Separation Process: Electrodeionization/Continuous Electrodeionization
Theory of Operation
Membrane Modules
Pretreatment
Cleaning
Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Section 3.2 Applications—Steam Generation
9 Boiler Systems
Steam Generation
Condensate
Steam or Condensate Losses
Makeup
Concentration by Evaporation
Blowdown
Feedwater
Mathematical Relationships
Blowdown and Makeup
Cycles of Concentration
Mass Balance Equations
Optimizing the Water Balance
Thermodynamic Properties of Steam
Terminology
Boilers
Boiler Classifications
Boiler Types
Boiler Ratings
Boiler Circulation
10 Oxygen Removal
Corrosion Mechanisms
Mechanical Deaeration
Ionization
Relative Partial Pressure
Temperature
Agitation
Gas Removal
Pressure Deaerators
Primary Preheating Section
Basic Principles of Mechanical Deaeration Using Pressure Deaerators
Spray Deaerator
Tray Deaerator
Atomizing Deaerator
Operating Considerations for Pressure Deaerators
Deaerating Heater
Proper Venting of Pressure Deaerators
Mixing Condensate and Makeup
Pressure Deaerator Problems
Vacuum Deaerators
Deaerating Condensers
Feedwater Tanks
Gas Transfer Membranes
Activated Carbon Catalysis
Ion Exchange Resin Catalysis
Chemical Oxygen Scavengers
Sodium Sulfite
Hydrazine
Carbohydrazide
Erythorbate
Diethylhydroxylamine
Methylethylketoxime
Hydroquinone
Monitoring and Control
Background
Monitoring and Control Tools
At-Temperature ORP Monitoring
11 Boiler Feedwater Treatment
Hardness Scale
Silica Scale
Iron Deposits
The Problem with Iron
Iron Deposition Mechanism
Sources of Iron
Polymers and Iron Control
Iron Control
Effects of Boiler Scale
Internal Chemical Treatment Programs
Phosphate Residual Programs—Low Pressure Industrial Systems
Phosphate-Polymer Programs
Phosphate Programs—High Pressure Industrial Systems
Chelates and Chelate-Polymer Programs
All-Polymer Programs
12 Turbines
Turbine Mechanics
Turbine Problem Areas
13 Condensate Systems
Causes of Condensate System Corrosion
Carbon Dioxide
Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide in Steam
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide Plus Oxygen
Ammonia
Sulfur Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide
Process Contamination and Organic Acids
Methods of Condensate Corrosion Inhibition
Neutralizing Amines
Filming Amines
Oxygen Scavengers/Metal Passivators
Minimizing the Effect of Contaminated Condensate
System Design and Maintenance
Evaluating Results
Why Treat Condensate?
Section 3.3 Applications—Cooling Water Systems
14 Cooling System Dynamics
Mechanical-Operational-Chemical Survey Concepts
Survey Data Analysis
Heat Transfer
Heat Exchangers
Calculations and Measurements
Effects of Corrosion and Deposits
Types of Cooling Water Systems
Once-through Cooling Water Systems
Closed Recirculating Systems
Open Recirculating Systems
15 Cooling Water Deposition
Consequences of Deposition
The Scale Formation Process
Solubility Is an Equilibrium Process
Nucleation and Scale Formation
Factors Affecting Scale Formation
Predicting Scale Formation
Fouling Deposition
Suspended Particle Interactions
Suspended Solids Deposition Processes
Cooling Systems Deposits
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Sulfate
Silica and Silicates
Calcium Phosphate
Zinc Deposits
Calcium Polyphosphates
Calcium Phosphonates
Iron
Silt
Manganese
16 Cooling System Corrosion
Corrosion of Materials in Cooling Systems
Carbon Steel
Copper Alloys
Stainless Steel
Galvanized Steel
Nonmetallic Materials
The Corrosion Process in Cooling Systems
The Local Cell Model
Anodic Reactions
Cathodic Reactions
Secondary Reactions
Galvanic or Electrochemical Series
The Role of Oxygen in Corrosion
Polarization and Corrosion Rates
Passivity and Immunity
Factors Influencing Corrosion
Water Chemistry
Dissolved Gases
Halogens and Other Oxidizers
Temperature
Flow Velocity
System or Spatial Configuration Factors
Deposits
Types of Corrosion
Uniform Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion
Localized Corrosion
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
Stress Corrosion Cracking
17 Cooling Water Biology
Sources of Biological Problems in Cooling Water Systems
Consequences
Microorganisms Found in Cooling Systems
Bacteria
Algae
Protozoa
Fungi
Factors Affecting Microbial Growth
Suitable Conditions
Biofilms
Formation and Growth
Biofilm Advantages to the Microbes
Problems Associated with Biofilms
Determining the Bacterial Population of Cooling Water
18 Cooling Water Monitoring
Deposition Monitoring
Heated Tube Deposit Monitors
Pressure Drop Microbial Fouling Monitors
Real-Time Deposit Monitoring
Corrosion Monitoring
Corrosion Coupons
Electrochemical Corrosion Monitoring
Corrosion Product Monitoring
Biological Growth Monitoring
Lab Methods
Field Methods
Online Biological Monitoring
19 Cooling Water Treatment and Control
Deposit Control Methods
Deposit Inhibitor Mechanisms
Examples of Deposit Inhibitors
Corrosion Control Methods
Corrosion Inhibitor Mechanisms
Examples of Corrosion Inhibitors
Biological Control Methods
Oxidizing Biocides
Nonoxidizing Biocides
Biodispersants and Biodetergents
Macrofouling Control
Cooling Water Treatment Programs
Stabilized Phosphate Programs
All-Organic Programs
Alkaline Zinc Programs
Alkaline Phosphate Programs
Molybdate Programs
Non-Phosphorous Programs
Nonchemical Devices
Section 3.4 Applications—Water Safety for Building Water Systems
20 Legionella and Legionellosis
The Disease
Legionnaires’ Disease Symptoms
Susceptibility
Pontiac Fever Variant
First Identified Outbreak
Other Outbreaks
The Bacteria
Occurrence
Conditions for Growth and Proliferation
Sources of Risk
Risk of Disease
21 Water Management Programs for Engineered Water Systems
Managing the Risk: Regulatory Position and Global Guidance
General Management Considerations
Assessment of Risk
Growth Risk
Aerosol Risk
Human Risk
Manage the Risk: Water Management Program
Water Management Program for Cooling Systems
Control Scheme for Hot and Cold Potable Water Systems
Records
Other Risk Systems
Consequence of Outbreak
Training
Conclusion
Section 3.5 Applications—Post-Treatment
22 Primary Effluent Treatment
Clarification by Sedimentation
Forms of Solids in Effluent
Sedimentation Phenomena
Mass Loading
Clarifier Hydraulic Capacity
Temperature
Clarifier Operating Principles
Sludge Bed Depth Measurement
Influent Flow Control
Chemical Treatment
Types of Sedimentation Clarifiers
Circular Clarifiers
Rectangular Clarifiers
Parallel Plate and Tube Clarifiers
Drag Separator
Oil/Water Separators
Flotation Clarification
The Dissolved Air Flotation System
Types of DAF Systems
Operating Parameters
Pressurization Systems
Flotation Cell
Float Removal Control
Plant Flows
Induced Air Flotation (IAF)
23 Secondary Effluent Treatment
General Principles of Secondary Treatment
Basic Methods of Secondary Treatment
Principles of Biological Waste Treatment
Important Microorganisms
Bacterial Growth
Biological Treatment Control Parameters
Activated Sludge Process
Activated Sludge Process Equipment
Activated Sludge Process Control Concepts
Nutrient Removal in Activated Sludge
Aerated Lagoons
Significant Operational Control Parameters
Stabilization Ponds
Pond Classification
Rotating Biological Contactors
Trickling Filters
Principles of Operation
Sludge Reduction Process
Anaerobic Systems
Anaerobic Sludge Digestion
Anaerobic Treatment
Membrane Bioreactors
MBR Process
MBR Limitations
Microbial Foulants
24 Tertiary Effluent Treatment
Disinfection
Chlorination
Chlorination Processes in Effluent Treatment
Dechlorination
Disinfection By-products
Solids Removal
Ammonia Reduction
Ammonia Stripping
Selective Ion Exchange
Breakpoint Chlorination
Phosphate Removal
Aluminum Treatment
Iron Treatment
Calcium Treatment
Organics Removal
25 Heavy Metal Removal
Regulatory Issues
Sources of Metals
Chemistry of Metals
Ionic Strength
Chelation Effects
Metal Removal
Operational Factors
Equipment Methods
Chemical Methods
Associated Pretreatment
26 Sludge Manipulation
Sludge Thickening
Gravity Thickening
Flotation Thickening
Rotary Drum Thickener
Gravity Table Thickeners
Centrifugal Thickening
Sludge Dewatering
Nature of Sludge
Belt Filter Press
Centrifugation
Vacuum Filters
Screw Presses
Plate-and-Frame Filter Presses
Drying Beds
27 Emulsion Treatment
Theory of Emulsions
Oily Waste
Waste Oil
Emulsion Treatment
Separation Equipment
Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Water-in-Oil Emulsions
28 Wet Gas Scrubbers
Particle Collection Concepts
Particulate Emissions
Principles of Operation
Categorizing Wet Scrubbers
Gas Absorption Scrubbers
Wet Particle Scrubbers
Wet Electrostatic Precipitators
Waterside Problems
Waste Treatment
Auxiliary Equipment
Selected Gas Scrubbing Systems
SOx Removal from Flue Gas
Section 4 Energy in Water Systems
29 Energy Use in Effluent Systems
Energy Utilization in Effluent Treatment
Motors
Variable Control Devices
Aeration
Aeration Equipment
Aeration Control and Monitoring
Preliminary and Primary Effluent Treatment
Secondary Effluent Treatment
Suspended Growth Processes
Fixed Film
Tertiary Effluent Treatment Processes
30 Energy in Cooling Systems
Financial Impact of Inefficient Heat Rejection
Cooling Tower Thermal Performance or Thermal Capability
Cooling Tower Performance Problems
Air-Side Thermal Performance Issues
Water-Side Thermal Performance Issues
Cooling Tower Energy Balance
Reliability Issues
Cooling Tower Performance Testing
Cooling Tower Acceptance Testing
Cooling Tower Performance Audit

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