Theranostic Bionanomaterials 1st edition by Wenguo Cui 0128153423 9780128153420

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ISBN-10 :  0128153423 

ISBN-13 :  9780128153420

Author : Wenguo Cui 

Theranostic Bionanomaterials is an invaluable study of recent advances and trends in the development and application of functional bionanomaterials for theranostic applications. This book describes the design and characterization of nanomaterials which exhibit distinctive physical, chemical and biological properties and discusses how these functional nanomaterials enable the precise manipulation of architectural, physical and biochemical cell microenvironments in vitro. In addition, it covers how they can act as the carriers of diagnostic or therapeutic agents, thus providing new pathways or strategies for disease diagnosis and treatment. Specific chapters discuss protein delivery, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, bioimaging, biodetection, and much more.

Theranostic Bionanomaterials 1st Table of contents:

I. Fundamentals of Theranostic Bionanomaterials
1 Biodistribution, Excretion, and Toxicity of Inorganic Nanoparticles
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction: Inorganic Nanoparticles and Their Interest in Medicine
1.2 Physicochemical Modifications of Inorganic Nanoparticles in Physiological Environments Determine
1.2.1 Effects of the Agglomeration and Aggregation of Nanoparticles
1.2.2 Effects of the Adsorption of (Macro)Molecules
1.2.3 Effects of the Corrosion and Degradation of Nanoparticles
1.3 Physicochemical Modifications of Inorganic Nanoparticles Determine Their Biodistribution and Fat
1.3.1 Biodistribution: Nanoparticles Entering the Body
1.3.2 Subcellular Localization: Nanoparticles Entering the Cells
1.3.3 Long-Term Effects
1.4 Outlook and Conclusion
References
2 Biodistribution, Excretion, and Toxicity of Nanoparticles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biodistribution
2.2.1 Effect of Surface Material
2.2.1.1 PEGylation
2.2.1.2 Charge
2.2.2 Effect of Nanoparticle Size
2.2.3 Effect of Nanoparticle Shape
2.2.4 Effect of Nanoparticle Rigidity
2.2.5 Effect of Administration Route
2.3 Excretion
2.3.1 Mononuclear Phagocytic System Clearance
2.3.2 Renal Clearance
2.4 Toxicity
2.4.1 Liver Toxicity
2.4.2 Kidney Toxicity
2.4.3 Heart Toxicity
2.4.4 Brain Toxicity
2.4.5 Lung Toxicity
2.5 Challenges and Perspectives
References
3 Nanoparticle Interaction With Immune Cells for Nanoparticle-Mediated (Anticancer) Immunotherapy
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Nanoparticles
3.1.2 Innate Immune System
3.1.3 Adaptive Immune System
3.1.4 Immunotherapy
3.1.5 Nanoparticles as Anticancer Drug-Delivery System
3.2 Nanoparticles as Immunotherapy
3.2.1 Complementing Nanoparticle-Based Therapies
3.3 Nanoparticles as Vaccines Against Cancer
3.4 Nanoparticles as Diagnostics
3.5 Challenges
3.5.1 Modulating Innate and Adaptive Immunity
3.5.2 Nanoparticle Characteristics
3.6 Concluding Remarks
References
4 Clinical Translation of Nanomaterials
4.1 Diagnostics
4.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes
4.1.2 Nanoparticles
4.1.3 Quantum Dots
4.2 Therapeutics
4.2.1 Polymerics
4.2.2 Liposomes
4.3 Tissue Engineering
4.3.1 Scaffolds
4.3.2 Hydrogels
4.4 Conclusion and Perspective
Acknowledgment
References
5 Synthetic Receptors With Bioaffinity for Biomedical Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthetic Receptors for Biomedicines
5.2.1 Toxin Neutralization
5.2.2 Bacteria Inhibition
5.2.3 Biomedical Imaging
5.2.4 Cancer Therapy
5.2.5 Cell Isolation
5.2.6 Other Potentials
5.3 Conclusion and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
II. Biomedical Applications of Theranostic Bionanomaterials
I. Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering
6 Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticle-Based Systems for Therapeutic Delivery
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Therapeutics Delivered Using Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles
6.2.1 Type of Therapeutics
6.2.2 Intracellular Uptake and Release Mechanism
6.2.3 Factors Affecting Drug Release Rates
6.3 Types of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles
6.3.1 Bare Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles
6.3.1.1 Core
6.3.1.2 Core–Shell
6.3.1.3 Multilayer
6.3.2 Coated Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles
6.3.2.1 Lipid-Coated Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles
6.3.2.2 Polymer Coating
6.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
7 Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Properties and Applications in Tissue Engineering
7.2.1 Mechanical Properties and Applications
7.2.2 Electrical Properties and Applications
7.2.3 Chemical Properties and Applications
7.2.4 Other Properties and Applications
7.3 Conclusion
References
8 Nanomaterial Design and Tests for Neural Tissue Engineering
8.1 Design of Nanomaterials for Neural Tissue Engineering
8.2 Nanomaterials for the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury
8.2.1 Design of the Nanomaterials for Repairing the Spinal Cord Injury
8.2.2 Nanomaterials Combined With Growth Factors for Repairing Spinal Cord Injury
8.2.3 Nanomaterials Combined With Cell Therapy for Repairing Spinal Cord Injury
8.3 Nanomaterials for the Repair of Peripheral Nerve Injury
8.3.1 Design of the Nerve Conduits for Repairing the Peripheral Nerve Injury
8.3.2 Nanomaterials Combined With Growth Factors for Repairing Peripheral Nerve Injury
8.3.3 Nanomaterials Combined With Cell Therapy for Repairing Peripheral Nerve Injury
8.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
9 Nanomaterials for Wound Healing: Scope and Advances
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Brief Introduction to Bionanomaterials on Wound Healing
9.3 Characteristics of Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal
9.4 The Mechanism and Advantages of Bionanomaterials in Wound Healing
9.4.1 Antibacterial and Antiinflammatory
9.4.2 Bionanomaterials Can Promote Wound Healing Due to Extracellular Matrix Regulation Directly
9.4.3 Bionanomaterials Can Support Skin Regeneration by Promoting Stem Cell Growth
9.4.4 Bionanomaterials Can Modulate Growth Factors in the Wound Site
9.5 Potential Scope of Bionanomaterials in Wound Healing in Clinical Practice
9.5.1 The Application on Skin Wound Healing
9.5.1.1 Application of Bionanomaterials in Dressings
9.5.1.2 Application of Bionanomaterials in Suture Fabrication
9.5.1.3 Use of Bionanomaterials and Keloid
9.5.2 Bionanomaterials in Promoting Bone Fracture and Tendon Healing
9.5.3 Bionanomaterials in Promoting Neuron Repair
9.5.4 The Bionanomaterials Promoting Healing in the Abdomen
9.6 Obstacles to Bionanomaterial Application
9.7 Outlook of Bionanomaterials for Wound Healing in the Future
References
10 Advanced Nanovaccines for Immunotherapy Applications: From Concept to Animal Tests
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Immunotherapy
10.1.2 Nanotechnology for Immunotherapy
10.2 Design of the Systems
10.2.1 Size
10.2.2 Shape
10.2.3 Charge
10.2.4 Flexibility/Elastic Modulus
10.2.5 Surface Chemistry and Roughness
10.2.6 Adjuvants
10.2.7 Position of the Antigens
10.3 In Vitro Assessment
10.3.1 Murine Cells
10.3.2 Human Cells
10.4 In Vivo Models and Efficacy
10.4.1 Immunostimulation—Cancer
10.4.2 Immunomodulation—Rheumatoid Arthritis, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, Diabetes
10.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
II. Bionanomaterials for Diagnostics
11 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials in Cancer Theranostics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Theranostic Payloads
11.2.1 Biomedical Imaging
11.2.1.1 Optical Imaging
11.2.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
11.2.1.3 X-Ray Computed Tomography Imaging
11.2.1.4 Positron Emission Tomography Imaging
11.2.1.5 Photoacoustic Imaging
11.2.1.6 Others
11.2.2 Therapeutics
11.2.2.1 Chemotherapy
11.2.2.2 Photothermal Therapy
11.2.2.3 Photodynamic Therapy
11.2.2.4 Other Therapies
11.3 Theranostic Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
11.3.1 Graphene and Its Derivatives
11.3.1.1 Gene and Drug Delivery
11.3.1.2 Graphene as a Phototherapeutic Agent
11.3.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
11.3.2.1 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides as Imaging Agents
11.3.2.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Gene and Drug Delivery
11.3.2.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides as Photothermal Agents
11.3.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks
11.3.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride
11.3.5 Black Phosphorus
11.3.6 Other Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
11.4 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
12 Polymeric Micelles for Tumor Theranostics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Polymeric Micelles for Tumor Imaging
12.2.1 Polymeric Micelles for Optical Imaging
12.2.2 Polymeric Micelles for Tumor Magnetic Resonance Imaging
12.2.3 Polymeric Micelles for Tumor Multimodality Imaging
12.2.4 Polymeric Micelles for Tumor Theranostics
12.3 Conclusions and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
13 Theranostic Biomaterials for Regulation of the Blood–Brain Barrier
Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Blood–Brain Barrier
13.2.1 The Blood–Brain Barrier’s Structure and Function
13.2.2 Role of the Blood–Brain Barrier in Central Nervous System Diseases
13.3 Explaining Theranostic Agents—A Growing Concept
13.4 Nanobiomaterials Used to Repair and/or Regenerate the Blood–Brain Barrier
13.4.1 Scaffolds
13.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
13.5 Nanobiomaterials Used as Imaging and Diagnosing Agents at the Blood–Brain Barrier
13.5.1 Gold Nanoparticles
13.5.2 Quantum Dots
13.5.3 Superparamagnetic Iron–Oxide Nanoparticles
13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
14 Upconversion Nanomaterials for Near-infrared Light-Mediated Theranostics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Upconversion Nanoparticle Design Considerations
14.2.1 Luminescence Mechanism of Upconversion Nanoparticles
14.2.2 Synthesis and Surface Engineering
14.2.3 Upconversion Luminescence Tuning
14.3 Upconversion Nanoprobes for Biosensing
14.3.1 In Vitro Assays of Biomarkers
14.3.2 In Vivo Detection of Biomolecules
14.4 In Vivo Bioimaging Using Upconversion Nanoparticles
14.4.1 Near-Infrared Light-based Optical Imaging
14.4.2 Upconversion Nanoparticles for Multimodel Bioimaging
14.5 Photon Upconversion-Mediated Medical Therapy
14.5.1 Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Drug Delivery
14.5.2 Near-Infrared Light-Activated Photodynamic Therapy
14.5.3 Near-Infrared Light-Mediated Optogenetic Therapy
14.6 Toxicity Studies of Upconversion Nanoparticles
14.7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
15 Biofunctional Magnetic Nanomaterials for Diagnosis, Therapy, and Theranostic Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Synthesis and Modification of Biofunctional Magnetic Nanomaterials
15.2.1 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanomaterials
15.2.2 Hybridization of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Different Morphologies
15.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Multimodal Diagnosis
15.3.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Computed Tomography Bimodal Diagnosis
15.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging–ECT Bimodal Diagnosis
15.3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Multimodal Diagnosis
15.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia-Based Therapy
15.4.1 Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy
15.4.2 Photothermal Therapy
15.4.3 Combined Therapy
15.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Treatment
15.6 Challenges and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
III. Bionanomaterials for Biosensing and bioimaging
16 AIEgen-Based Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Long-Term Cell Tracing
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fabrication of AIEgen-Based Nanoparticles
16.2.1 AIEgens
16.2.2 Introduce AIEgens Into Nanoparticles
16.2.2.1 Noncovalent Binding Method
16.2.2.2 Covalent Binding Method
16.2.3 Functionalization of the AIEgen-Based Nanoparticles
16.2.3.1 Enhancing Targeting Efficiency
16.2.3.2 Enabling Multifunctionality
16.3 Long-Term Cell Tracing With AIEgen-Based Fluorescent Nanoparticles
16.3.1 In Vitro Cell Tracing
16.3.2 In Vivo Long-Term Cell Tracing
16.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
17 Multimodal Carbon Dots as Biosensors
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Classification of Carbon Dots and Origins of Photoluminescence
17.2.1 Classification and Nomenclature of Carbon Dots
17.2.2 Origins of Photoluminescence of Carbon Dots
17.2.2.1 Quantum Confinement Effect and Collective Exciton Effect
17.2.2.2 Surface/Edge State of Graphene Quantum Dots
17.3 Synthesis of Carbon Dots
17.3.1 “Top-Down” Approaches
17.3.1.1 Laser Ablation
17.3.1.2 Arc Discharge
17.3.1.3 Electrochemical Carbonization
17.3.2 “Bottom-Up” Approaches
17.3.2.1 Pyrolysis—Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Carbonization
17.3.2.2 Microwave/Ultrasonic-Assisted Method
17.3.2.3 Template-Supported Method
17.4 Spectroscopic Properties of Carbon Dots
17.4.1 UV Absorption
17.4.2 Photoluminescence
17.4.3 Upconversion Photoluminescence
17.4.4 Phosphorescence
17.5 Biomedical Applications of Carbon Dots
17.5.1 Biocompatibility and Bioimaging of Carbon Dots
17.5.2 Carbon Dots as Biosensors
17.5.3 Theranostic Carbon Dots
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Bionanomaterials as Imaging Contrast Agents
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Magnetic Contrast-Enhancing Bionanomaterials
18.2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
18.2.2 Magnetic Particle Imaging
18.2.3 Magnetomotive Imaging
18.3 Optical Contrast-Enhancing Bionanomaterials
18.3.1 Luminescence
18.3.2 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
18.3.3 Raman
18.3.4 Optical Coherence Tomography
18.3.5 Photoacoustic Imaging
18.4 Acoustic Contrast-Enhancing Bionanomaterials
18.5 X-Ray Contrast-Enhancing Bionanomaterials
18.6 Conclusions
References
19 Nucleotide Aptamers as Theranostic Biomaterials
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Structure of Aptamers and Complexes
19.2.1 Primary Aptamer Structures
19.2.2 Cocrystal Structures of Aptamers With Ligands
19.2.3 Aptamer Structure Prediction
19.3 Applications of Aptamers
19.3.1 Therapeutical Nucleotide Aptamers
19.3.1.1 Aptamers for Cancer Therapies
AS1411
NOX-A12
19.3.1.2 Aptamers Against Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Macugen
19.3.1.3 Aptamers for Antithrombotic Therapy
19.3.1.4 Aptamers Against Other Diseases
19.3.2 Aptamer–Drug Conjugates for Targeted Therapies
19.3.2.1 Aptamer–Chemotherapeutic Conjugates
19.3.2.2 Targeted Drug-Delivery Vehicles Conjugated With Aptamers
19.3.3 Biosensors Made From Aptamers
19.3.3.1 Electrochemical Detection
19.3.3.2 Optical Detection
19.3.3.3 Other Detection Methods
19.3.4 Diagnostic Applications
19.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
20 Electronic Structures of Alkaline Rare Earth Fluoride-Based Upconversion Nanomaterials
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Calculation Setup
20.3 Results and Discussions
20.4 β-NaYF4
20.5 β-NaGdF4
20.6 β-NaLuF4
20.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
21 Lanthanide-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Metal-Responsive Agent Overview
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Gadolinium Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Responsive Agents
21.2.1 The Relaxivity Change Mechanism
21.2.2 Survey of Gd-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sensors
21.2.2.1 Modulation of the Inner Sphere Number of Water Molecules
21.2.2.2 Modulation of Rotational Tumbling Time
21.3 Survey of the Paramagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Responsive Agent
21.3.1 Zinc and Calcium Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Responsive Agent
21.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

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