Vapor Generation Techniques for Trace Element Analysis Fundamental Aspects 1st Edition by Alessandro D’Ulivo 0323858422 9780323858427

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ISBN-10 :  0323858422 

ISBN-13 :  9780323858427

Author :   Alessandro D’Ulivo 

Vapor Generation Techniques for Trace Element Analysis: Fundamental Aspects provides an overview and discussion of the fundamental aspects governing derivatization reactions of trace-level elements for analytical purposes. Vapor generation techniques coupled with atomic or mass spectrometry have been employed for over 50 years, but their popularity has dramatically increased in recent years, especially as alternative vapor generation approaches have been developed. This book bridges the knowledge gap of the derivatization mechanisms that yield volatile compounds and provides an update on recent developments in vapor generation techniques used for the determination and speciation of trace elements by atomic optical and mass spectrometry.

Vapor Generation Techniques for Trace Element Analysis: Fundamental Aspects 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1. Introduction to vapor generation techniques
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Limitations of current sample introduction and atomization techniques
1.3 Vapor generation techniques
1.4 Favorable features and shortcomings of VGTs
1.5 Overview of book structure and content
References
Part I: Chemical Vapor Generation
Chapter 2. Chemical vapor generation by aqueous boranes
Abstract
2.1 Introduction and historical background
2.2 Borane reagents, reaction products, and apparatus
2.3 Processes and mechanisms of chemical vapor generation
2.4 Factors controlling reactivity in chemical vapor generation
2.5 Interferences
2.6 Final remarks, open questions, and future trends
References
Chapter 3. Chemical vapor generation of transition and noble metals
Abstract
3.1 Introduction and background
3.2 Experimental implementations of chemical vapor generation
3.3 Efficiency of chemical vapor generation
3.4 Detailed discussion of mechanisms and fundamental processes in chemical vapor generation
3.5 Shortcomings with theory, remaining problems, and limitations
3.6 Conclusions and future developments
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4. Chemical vapor generation by aqueous phase alkylation
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 CVG with tetraalkylborates
4.3 CVG with trialkyloxonium salts
4.4 Metal speciation with Grignard reagents
4.5 Future trends and perspectives
References
Chapter 5. Other chemical vapor generation techniques
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chelate formation
5.3 Thermal chemical vapor generation
5.4 Generation of volatile oxides
5.5 Chemical vapor generation of volatile chlorides
5.6 Chemical vapor generation of volatile fluorides
5.7 Chemical vapor generation of volatile bromides
5.8 Chemical vapor generation of volatile carbonyls
5.9 Chemical vapor generation of boron esters
5.10 Chemical vapor generation using SnCl2
5.11 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 6. Chemical vapor generation in nonaqueous media
Abstract
6.1 Introduction and background
6.2 Early studies on chemical vapor generation in nonaqueous media
6.3 Experimental implementation of the technique
6.4 Fundamental processes; theory and mechanisms
6.5 Remaining problems, limitations, and shortcomings
6.6 Future developments
6.7 Conclusions
References
Part II: Non-Chemical Vapor Generation
Chapter 7. Photo-sono-thermo-chemical vapor generation techniques
Abstract
7.1 General introduction
7.2 Photochemical vapor generation
7.3 Sonochemical vapor generation
7.4 Thermochemical vapor generation
7.5 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 8. Catalysts in photochemical vapor generation
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Heterogeneous catalysis
8.3 Homogeneous catalysis
8.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9. Plasma-mediated vapor generation techniques
Abstract
9.1 General introduction
9.2 Sources for plasma-mediated vapor generation
9.3 Influence of coexisting ions on PMVG
9.4 Analytical performance and applications of PMVG
9.5 Possible mechanisms of PMVG
9.6 Concluding remarks and future trends
References
Chapter 10. Electrochemical vapor generation
Abstract
10.1 Introduction and background to electrochemical vapor generation
10.2 Fundamentals and experimental implementation of ECVG
10.3 Mechanisms of ECVG
10.4 Shortcomings and limitations: interferences in ECVG
10.5 Final remarks and future developments
References
Part III: Atomization Devices
Chapter 11. Nonplasma devices for atomization and detection of volatile metal species by atomic absorption and fluorescence
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Processes taking place in online atomizers
11.3 Online atomization—preliminary considerations
11.4 Online atomizers
11.5 In-atomizer collection—preliminary considerations
11.6 Experimental approaches to in-atomizer collection
11.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Dedication
References
Chapter 12. Dielectric barrier discharge devices
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 DBD concept and designs
12.3 Plasma chemistry: processes and species
12.4 Analytical applications
12.5 DBD atomizers for AAS
12.6 DBD atomizers for AFS
12.7 DBD excitation for OES
12.8 Analyte preconcentration
12.9 Speciation analysis
12.10 Future perspectives

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