(EBook PDF) VTA Glutamate Neuron Activity Drives Positive Reinforcement Absent Dopamine Co release 1st edition by Vivien Zell, Thomas Steinkellner, Nick Hollon, Shelley Warlow, Elizabeth Souter, Lauren Faget, Avery Hunker, Xin Jin, Larry Zweifel, Thomas Hnasko full chapters

VTA Glutamate Neuron Activity Drives Positive Reinforcement Absent Dopamine Co-release 1st edition by Vivien Zell, Thomas Steinkellner, Nick G. Hollon, Shelley M. Warlow, Elizabeth Souter, Lauren Faget, Avery C. Hunker, Xin Jin, Larry S. Zweifel, Thomas S. Hnasko – Ebook PDF Instant Download/DeliveryISBN: 

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Author: Vivien Zell, Thomas Steinkellner, Nick G. Hollon, Shelley M. Warlow, Elizabeth Souter, Lauren Faget, Avery C. Hunker, Xin Jin, Larry S. Zweifel, Thomas S. Hnasko

Like ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons, VTA glutamate neuron activity can support positive reinforcement. However, a subset of VTA neurons co-release DA and glutamate, and DA release might be responsible for behavioral reinforcement induced by VTA glutamate neuron activity. To test this, we used optogenetics to stimulate VTA glutamate neurons in which tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and thus DA biosynthesis, was conditionally ablated using either floxed Th mice or viral-based CRISPR/Cas9. Both approaches led to loss of TH expression in VTA glutamate neurons and loss of DA release from their distal terminals in nucleus accumbens (NAc). Despite loss of the DA signal, optogenetic activation of VTA glutamate cell bodies or axon terminals in NAc was sufficient to support reinforcement. These results suggest that glutamate release from VTA is sufficient to promote reinforcement independent of concomitant DA co-release, establishing a non-DA mechanism by which VTA activity can support reward-seeking behaviors.

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Vivien Zell,Thomas Steinkellner,Nick Hollon,Shelley Warlow,Elizabeth Souter,Lauren Faget,Avery Hunker,Xin Jin,Larry Zweifel,Thomas Hnasko,VTA Glutamate,Neuron Activity,Positive Reinforcement