War A Genealogy of Western Ideas and Practices 1st edition by Beatrice Heuser 0192517198 9780192517197

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ISBN-10 :  0192517198 

ISBN-13 : 9780192517197

Author : Beatrice Heuser 

War has been conceptualised from a military perspective, but also from ethical, legal, and philosophical viewpoints. These different analytical perspectives are all necessary to understand the many dimensions war, the continua on which war is situated – from small-scale to large-scale, from limited in time or long, from less to extremely destructive, with varying aims, and degrees of involvement of populations. Western civilisations have conceptualised war in binary ways denying the variety of manifestations of war along these continua. While binary definitions are necessary to capture different conditions legally, they hamper analysis. The binaries include inter-State and intestine war, just war and unjust war (the latter including insurgencies), citizen-soldiers and professionals, civilians and combatants. Yet realities have mostly straddled such demarcations. Even citizen-armies have usually included professionals, civilians have been treated as enemies and sometimes even formally defined as enemies, and rules have not conformed with binary distinctions, if they were respected at all. While customary rules governing the conduct of war have been turned into International Law, this is the only aspect of war that has developed in a fairly linear way, while the rise, disappearance, and renaissance of the just war tradition has been anything but linear. This non-linearity also applies to the brutality with which war has been fought, especially towards civilians, who for long stretches of European history must have been the main victims of war, notwithstanding increasing protection they were afforded in theory by customary law. To understand war, we must shed some of these binaries.

War: A Genealogy of Western Ideas and Practices 1st Table of contents:

1 Introduction
Ideas
Practice and the Larger Cultural Context
The Genealogy of ‘Western’ Ideas
Six Sources of Thinking about War
Judaeo-Christian Contradictions and Scholarship
How Ideas Interact with Reality
Theory and Practice
Sources
Terminology and Definition of War
Economic Warfare—Sanctions, Blockades
The Structure of This Book
2 War in Europe: A Short Typological Survey
Enduring and Recurrent Patterns in Warfare
Raids and Massacres
Siege Warfare
Battle
Conducting Business: Epicheirein
Wars, Campaigns, Operations
Scale and Intensity
Major Wars versus Small Wars
Small War within Major War
From Small War to Irregular War
Criminal Activities and ‘Hybrid’ Warfare
Major Changes in Warfare
A Cavalry Revolution?
Asymmetric Wars: Europeans versus Turks
An Infantry Revolution?
A Gunpowder “Revolution”?
The Myth of ‘Limited’ Cabinet Wars
Non-Technology-Driven Revolution: the French Wars, 1792–1815
Total War, Genocide and Democide
The Nuclear Revolution
Total War vs Conventional War
Change and Continuity
‘New’ Wars …
… and Recurrent Patterns
Quantitative Differences
Conclusions
3 Ethical, Political, and Legal Concepts of War
Ethical Conceptualization of War
War as Evil
War as Condonable as a Lesser Evil
Jihad and Crusade: War Commanded by God
War as Good: A Tonic Against Decadence and Promoter of Progress
Political Conceptualizations of War
Polemos or Stasis, Public versus Private or Civil War
From Sovereign Prince to State-Centric Definitions of War
Legal Conceptualizations of War
From Inter-State ‘War’ to ‘Armed Conflict’
War as a Legal Condition or state
The Declaration of War
Judicium Belli: War as an Ordeal, in Lieu of a Trial
War Outlawed
The state of Armed Conflict
Conclusions
4 Root Causes and Drivers of War
Flawed Nature
Flawed Human Nature
Specific Vices: Cupidity, Anger, Pride, and Vanity
Ambitions of Princes
Flawed Polity
Flawed Inter-Polity System
Flawed Values and Ideologies
Conclusions
5 Just War Traditions
The Just War Criteria
Legitimate Authority
Self-Defence
Military Interventions in Third-Party Conflicts
Peace as the Only Legitimate Aim of a Just War
Ulcisci Iniurias: Restoration or Retribution?
Pre-emption and Prevention
Punishment and Correction as Purposes of War?
Last Resort, Proportionality, Moderation, and Fair Prospect of Success
Expansionism Justified; The Quest for Booty
Freedom of Trade Defended
Insurgencies: Just War Against one’s Government?
Just Causes on Both Sides?
Just War Yields to Raison d’Etat and National Interest, 1796–1919
National-Socialism as the Total Negation of Just War Principles
The Revival of the Just War Tradition, 1919–
The Cost of Upholding the Rules-Based International Order
6 Professed Reasons for Going to War and War Aims
War Manifestos and Other Professions of War Aims
Universal Monarchy versus Liberty
Sovereignty
Balance of Power
The Quest for ‘Natural Frontiers’
Colourful Pretexts
Conclusions
7 Who Fights?
Total Defence and Raiding Parties
Farming or Military Service?
Professional Soldiers in Antiquity
The West After Rome: Back to the Future
Limitanei, Akritai, Gazi, and Grenzer
A Return to Total Defence and Raids
Professional Soldiers were Mercenaries
Special and Irregular Forces
The Reality: Mixed Forces
The Return of Mercenaries: Private Military Companies
The Ideal and Myth of the Citizen-Soldier
European Armies since 1815: between Conscription and All-Volunteer Forces
The Fear of the Undisciplined Masses
Guerrilleros—Rebels, Brigands, Insurgents
Excluded from Fighting
Women in the Armed Forces
Conclusions
8 Who is the Enemy?
The Enemy Defined by Religion/Nation/Race/Class
God’s Foes
Barbarians, Idolators, and Heretics
Ethnic or ‘Racist’ Intolerance and Nationalism
The Class Enemy
The Enemy Defined by Legal Status
The Legal Status of Insurgents and Clandestine (Special) Forces
Universal Humanity?
From Sparing the Essential Labour Force to Sparing Civilians
How Innocent are Civilians?
Technology and the Designation of the Enemy
Conclusions
9 Traditional and Legal Constraints on Warfare
Assyrians, Hebrews, and Ancient Greeks: A Lack of Compassion
Romans: The Juridicization of War
Treaties Must Be Honoured
Necessity and Military Necessity
The Medieval Church Steps in: The Truce and Peace of God
From Customary Law to International Treaty Law
From Ordinances to International Laws of Armed Conflict
Prohibition of Certain Weapons
Ruses and Stratagems
10 The Rules and Practice of Warfare
Battles and the Treatment of ‘Regular’ Combatants
Booty
Prisoners of War
Hostages and Reprisal Killings
Protecting Civilians
From Sparing Civilians on Our Side Only …
… to Sparing Also Enemy Civilians
Targeting Civilians
Sieges
Slavery
Scorched Earth Tactics and Blockades
Rape
Collateral Damage? The Bombing of Civilians
Genocide, Democide, and the State
Occupation, Resistance, Insurgents
Occupation and Resistance in International Humanitarian Law
Heretics, Rebels, and Insurgents
Conclusions
11 Past and Future: Some Concluding Reflections
Conceptualizations of War
The Changing Manifestations of War
Causes and Aims of War
Strategic Protagonists
Soldiers, Rebels, Routiers, and Robots
War Outlawed and Laws of Armed Conflict
Who is the Enemy? The Civilian Conundrum
Can War be Abolished?
Select Bibliography of Primary Sources

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